Renal Anatomy & Disease Flashcards
What are the body fluid compartments
transcellular, plasma, interstitial, intracellular
Describe the normal movement of potassium
moves out of the cell down conc grad
Describe the normal movement of sodium
moves into cell down conc grad
Name some cations
sodium, potassium
Name some anions
chloride
What does the movement of sodium underpin
depolarisation of neurons, muscle
What is the driving force for chloride movement
move into the cell
What helps determine blood pressure
volume of plasma
Describe the relationship between plasma volume and BP
if plasma volume increases, BP increases
What sets the volume of plasma
sodium content
What regulates sodium content
kidneys
Where does the kidney lie
between 12th thoracic and 3rd lumbar
Name some congenital abnormalities of the kidney
ectopic kidney, horseshoe kidney, renal agenesis
Which congenital kidney abnormality is incompatible with life
renal agenesis
What does ectopic kidney disease cause
damage, kidney stones
Describe horseshoe kidney disease
kidneys fuse across the midline
What can horseshoe kidney disease cause
renal stone formation
Why is the medulla a dark colour
rich blood supply
What is the hilus
part of the kidney where the ureter comes out
What is the calyx
fibrous - holds kidney components together
What is the functional unit of the kidney
nephron
What is the function of the nephron
regulate body fluid volume and composition
What parts of the nephron sit in the cortex
proximal tubule, distal tubule, bowmans capsule
What parts of the nephron sit in the medulla
loop of henle, collecting duct
What does the bowman’s capsule contain
fluid from the plasma
What is the glomerulus
ball of capillaries from the renal artery
What is produced in the glomerulus
ultrafiltrate
What happens in the glomerulus
fluid forced out of capillaries into bowman’s capsule
What is the function of juxtamedullary nephrons
urine concentration
What defines renal failure
fall in glomerular filtration rate
What are the characteristics of renal failure
increased urea and creatinine, less urine production
What are the two types of renal failure
acute, chronic
Which type of renal failure is irreversible
chronic
How is chronic renal failure treated
dialysis, kidney transplant
What is peripheral neuropathy
damage to peripheral nerves
What problems can peripheral neuropathy cause
problems with sensation and movement
What are the symptoms of renal failure progression
glomerular membrane thickens, scarring, damage to glomeruli, reduced renal size
What can failure to excrete water and salt cause
hypertension, hyperkalaemia, mild acidosis
What are some causes of renal failure
hypertension, diabetes mellitus, polycystic kidney disease
