Renal Anatomy & Disease

Question 1

What are the body fluid compartments

Answer 1

transcellular, plasma, interstitial, intracellular

Question 2

Describe the normal movement of potassium

Answer 2

moves out of the cell down conc grad

Question 3

Describe the normal movement of sodium

Answer 3

moves into cell down conc grad

Question 4

Name some cations

Answer 4

sodium, potassium

Question 5

Name some anions

Answer 5

chloride

Question 6

What does the movement of sodium underpin

Answer 6

depolarisation of neurons, muscle

Question 7

What is the driving force for chloride movement

Answer 7

move into the cell

Question 8

What helps determine blood pressure

Answer 8

volume of plasma

Question 9

Describe the relationship between plasma volume and BP

Answer 9

if plasma volume increases, BP increases

Question 10

What sets the volume of plasma

Answer 10

sodium content

Question 11

What regulates sodium content

Answer 11

kidneys

Question 12

Where does the kidney lie

Answer 12

between 12th thoracic and 3rd lumbar

Question 13

Name some congenital abnormalities of the kidney

Answer 13

ectopic kidney, horseshoe kidney, renal agenesis

Question 14

Which congenital kidney abnormality is incompatible with life

Answer 14

renal agenesis

Question 15

What does ectopic kidney disease cause

Answer 15

damage, kidney stones

Question 16

Describe horseshoe kidney disease

Answer 16

kidneys fuse across the midline

Question 17

What can horseshoe kidney disease cause

Answer 17

renal stone formation

Question 18

Why is the medulla a dark colour

Answer 18

rich blood supply

Question 19

What is the hilus

Answer 19

part of the kidney where the ureter comes out

Question 20

What is the calyx

Answer 20

fibrous - holds kidney components together

Question 21

What is the functional unit of the kidney

Answer 21

nephron

Question 22

What is the function of the nephron

Answer 22

regulate body fluid volume and composition

Question 23

What parts of the nephron sit in the cortex

Answer 23

proximal tubule, distal tubule, bowmans capsule

Question 24

What parts of the nephron sit in the medulla

Answer 24

loop of henle, collecting duct

Question 25

What does the bowman’s capsule contain

Answer 25

fluid from the plasma

Question 26

What is the glomerulus

Answer 26

ball of capillaries from the renal artery

Question 27

What is produced in the glomerulus

Answer 27

ultrafiltrate

Question 28

What happens in the glomerulus

Answer 28

fluid forced out of capillaries into bowman’s capsule

Question 29

What is the function of juxtamedullary nephrons

Answer 29

urine concentration

Question 30

What defines renal failure

Answer 30

fall in glomerular filtration rate

Question 31

What are the characteristics of renal failure

Answer 31

increased urea and creatinine, less urine production

Question 32

What are the two types of renal failure

Answer 32

acute, chronic

Question 33

Which type of renal failure is irreversible

Answer 33

chronic

Question 34

How is chronic renal failure treated

Answer 34

dialysis, kidney transplant

Question 35

What is peripheral neuropathy

Answer 35

damage to peripheral nerves

Question 36

What problems can peripheral neuropathy cause

Answer 36

problems with sensation and movement

Question 37

What are the symptoms of renal failure progression

Answer 37

glomerular membrane thickens, scarring, damage to glomeruli, reduced renal size

Question 38

What can failure to excrete water and salt cause

Answer 38

hypertension, hyperkalaemia, mild acidosis

Question 39

What are some causes of renal failure

Answer 39

hypertension, diabetes mellitus, polycystic kidney disease