Autonomic and Cardiovascular Pharmacology Flashcards
What are the neurotransmitters fo the PNS
ACh
What neurotransmitter is used by pre-ganglionic neurons in sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
ACh
What are the target of parasympathetic system on the post ganglionic neuron
muscarinic receptors - GPCRs
What does the adrenal medulla secrete
adrenaline into blood
Describe nicotinic receptors
always myelinated, cholinergic, ionotropic
How can drugs indirectly enhance cholinergic transmission
inhibit cholinesterase
What is the effect of inhibiting cholinesterase
ACh levels increase
How are anti-cholinesterase drugs classified
duration of action
Example of a short acting anti-cholinesterase dug
edrophonium
What is edrophonium used for
diagnosis of myasthenia gravis
What are medium length anti-cholinesterase drugs
neostigmine, pyridostigmine
What are neostigmine and pyridostigmine used for
myasthenia gravis
What is the function of physostigmine
crosses BBB, used for glaucoma
How do long acting anti-cholinesterase drugs work?
irreversible, cross BBB, bind to enzyme with covalent bond
What are the different subtypes of muscarinic receptors
Gq, Gi
What is the function of M1-Gq muscarinic receptor
regulates activity of phospholipase C, generates intracellular messengers
What is the function of M2 - Gi muscarinic receptors
decreases activity of adenylyl cyclase, reduces cAMP levels
What is IP3
signalling molecule
What does the muscarinic receptor regulate
potassium channels
What does parasympathetic stimulation of muscarinic receptor slow
heart rate
How is IP3 terminated
dephosphorylated, phosphorylated
What is the effect of muscarine
decreases BP, increases saliva production, increases sweating
What are cholinergic agonists at mAChR
muscarine, pilocarpine
What are cholinergic antagonists
atropine
What is the effect of atropine
inhibits saliva, smooth muscle relaxant, pupil dilation, CNS agitation
describe the receptors for noradrenaline
GPCRs
Where are GPCRs for noradrenaline found
smooth muscle, heart, glands
What is the function of alpha1 adrenoreceptors
constrict smooth muscle
What molecule increases heart contraction
calcium increase
What inhibits the presynaptic release of noradrenaline
alpha2 adrenoreceptors - Gi
What does receptor signalling via Gs phosphorylation increase
calcium in cardiac muscle cells, contraction
What are the two sites for the clinical use of adrenoreceptor agonists
cardiovascular system, respiratory system
What is clonidine
alpha2 agonist
What does clonidine treat
high BP
What is salbutamol
bronchodilator - beta2 selective
What is ephedrine
nasal decongestant - beta agonist, causes noradrenaline release
What are some antagonists for adrenoreceptors
prazos, carvedilol, propranolol
What does prazos treat
hypertension
What does carvedilol treat
heart failure
What does propanolol treat
anxiety
