Cell-Cell Communication

Question 1

Describe chemical mediators

Answer 1

small molecules, specific

Question 2

Examples of signalling molecules

Answer 2

gases, amino acids, small peptides, proteins, steroids,

Question 3

Describe steroid hormones

Answer 3

lipophilic molecules, intracellular receptors

Question 4

Where is cortisol produced

Answer 4

zona fasciculata of adrenal cortex

Question 5

What does sildefanil interfere with

Answer 5

signalling by nitric oxide

Question 6

Name two types of signalling

Answer 6

passive diffusion, direct cell-cell contact

Question 7

Where is nitric oxide produced

Answer 7

epithelial cells

Question 8

What is the effect of nitric oxide

Answer 8

relaxes smooth muscles

Question 9

How does nitric oxide signal

Answer 9

passive diffusion

Question 10

What is nitric oxide synthesised by

Answer 10

enzyme found in endothelial cells

Question 11

What are gap junctions used a lot for

Answer 11

co-ordinating muscle contraction

Question 12

Is the ligand secreted for contact dependent receptors

Answer 12

No

Question 13

Describe the ligand and receptors in contact-dependent receptors

Answer 13

membrane proteins

Question 14

What do contact dependent receptors communicate with

Answer 14

neighbouring cells, extracellular matrix

Question 15

What are contact dependent receptors used for

Answer 15

neuronal development, NK cells and cancer cells

Question 16

What distance does autocrine signalling cover

Answer 16

very short distances

Question 17

Describe autocrine signalling

Answer 17

signalling cell secretes a ligand which binds to own receptors

Question 18

Where does autocrine signalling signal to

Answer 18

it self - cell

Question 19

Where is autocrine signalling used and why

Answer 19

nervous system - prevents overstimulation

Question 20

What distance does paracrine signalling cover

Answer 20

short distance

Question 21

What drug can interfere with paracrine signalling

Answer 21

aspirin

Question 22

WHat does paracrine signalling signal to

Answer 22

neighbouring cells

Question 23

What distance does endocrine signalling cover

Answer 23

long distances

Question 24

Examples of endocrine signalling glands

Answer 24

islet of langerhans, thyroid gland

Question 25

What are the signalling molecules used by endocrine signalling

Answer 25

hormones

Question 26

What are the neurotransmitters called in synaptic signalling

Answer 26

ligands

Question 27

What do intracellular signalling cascades involve

Answer 27

relay, adaptor, bifurcation proteins

Question 28

What is the function of bifurcation proteins

Answer 28

take message to other signallign pathway

Question 29

What is the function of transducer proteins

Answer 29

convert signal into another form

Question 30

What is the function of integrator proteins

Answer 30

integrate signal from different signalling pathways

Question 31

What is the effect on latent gene regulatory proteins when they are activated

Answer 31

migrate to nucleus

Question 32

What is the function of adaptor proteins

Answer 32

bring signalling molecules close together

Question 33

What is the function of intracellular signalling cascades

Answer 33

stronger combined response - integrate pathways

Question 34

What types of loops can intracellular signalling cascades have

Answer 34

positive or negative feedback loops

Question 35

What is the function of scaffold proteins

Answer 35

bind multiple relay proteins, improve precision, limit diffusion of pathway

Question 36

What do scaffold proteins reduce

Answer 36

opportunities for amplification