Radiology

Question 1

indications for radiology

Answer 1

pelvic pain
pelvic mass
AMB
PMB
infertility
interventional (fallopian tube recanalisation, uterine artery embolisation)

Question 2

two main USS techniques

Answer 2

1. transabdominal

2. transvaginal

Question 3

features of transabdominal USS

Answer 3

abdominal US transducer
full bladder for acoustic window
displaces gas-filled loops

Question 4

advantages of transabdominal USS

Answer 4

safe
readily available
no ionising radiation

Question 5

disadvantages of transabdominal USS

Answer 5

obese
operator dependent
difficult to reproduce same image

Question 6

features of transvaginal USS

Answer 6

endo-cavity transducer
empty bladder
tip of the iceburg
invasive

Question 7

when is CT used?

Answer 7

2nd line for acute abdominal pain
post-surgical complications
staging malignancies
assessing response

Question 8

advantages of CT

Answer 8

quick
entire chest, abdo and pelvic
multislice

Question 9

disadvantages of CT

Answer 9

high radiation (ovaries)
not optimal depiction

Question 10

what does MRI use?

Answer 10

radiofrequency energy rather than ionising radiation in CT

Question 11

when is MRI used?

Answer 11

cancer staging in cervical
further evaluation
sub-fertility
MRI of pituitary (prolactinoma)

Question 12

advantages of MRI

Answer 12

excellent depiction
no radiation
soft tissue masses

Question 13

disadvantages of MRI

Answer 13

time consuming
poor for lung
claustrophobic
contraindicated in pacemakers, artificial metallic heart valves, nerve stimulators, cochlear implants

Question 14

technique in endometriosis

Answer 14

diagnostic laparoscopy

Question 15

what is HSG

Answer 15

hysterosalpinography is an XR screening procedure for tubal patency using radiopaque dye

Question 16

what is a mammography?

Answer 16

lower strength XR used as a screening modality

Question 17

adverse of mammography

Answer 17

ionising radiation

uncomfortable

Question 18

when is breast USS used?

Answer 18

women <40
image-guided biopsy
during pregnancy

Question 19

advanced USS techniques

Answer 19

strain elastography
shear wave elastography
contrast-enhanced USS
3D USS

Question 20

adverse of USS

Answer 20

low specificity

not sensitive to DCIS

Question 21

what is strain elastography?

Answer 21

colour map of stiffness superimposed on grey scale image

invasive cancers are stiffer

poor reproducibility as operator dependent

Question 22

what is shear wave elastography?

Answer 22

hold probe to area of interest

Question 23

when is contrast-enhanced USS used?

Answer 23

assessing response to neoadjuvant chemo
axillary node characterisation
improving BIRADS

Question 24

adverse of MRI in breast use

Answer 24

increases mastectomy rates
expensive
picks up multiple tumour foci that would’ve likely diminished with radio or hormonal therapy

Question 25

causes of unilateral nipple discharge

Answer 25

invasive cancer
DCIS
duct ectasia
papilloma
Paget's

Question 26

management of mastitis and abscesses

Answer 26

US guided drainage and antibiotics