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Reproduction Key Information > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what organs lie in the pelvic cavity?

A

ovaries
uterine tubes
uterus
superior part of vagina

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2
Q

what organs lie in the perineum?

A 
inferior vagina
perineal muscles
Bartholin's glands
clitoris
labia
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3
Q

what is the peritoneum?

A

serous membrane that secretes peritoneal fluid which drapes over rectum, uterus and bladder covering their superior aspects

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4
Q

what does the peritoneum form?

A

pouches

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5
Q

what pouches are found in the female?

A

vesico-uterine

recto-uterine (Pouch of Douglas)

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6
Q

how can fluid be drained from the recto-uterine pouch?

A

via posterior fornix of the vagina

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7
Q

pouch in the male

A

recto-vesico

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8
Q

two important ligaments around the female organs

A
  1. broad ligaments

2. round ligament

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9
Q

what is the broad ligament made from?

A

double layer of peritoneum

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10
Q

position of the broad ligament

A

extends between uterus and lateral/ floor of the pelvis

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11
Q

role of the broad ligament

A

maintains uterus in the midline and contains uterine tubes

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12
Q

what forms the round ligament?

A

embryological remanent of gubernaculum

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13
Q

position of the round ligament

A

attached to lateral aspect of the uterus and passes through the deep inguinal ring

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14
Q

embryological development of the female anatomy

A

Mullerian duct (except round ligament)

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15
Q

three layers of the uterus

A
  1. perimetrium
  2. myometrium
  3. endometrium
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16
Q

where should implantation occur?

A

body of the uterus

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17
Q

where should fertilisation of the ovum occur?

A

ampulla of the fallopian tube

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18
Q

normal position of the uterus

A

anteverted and anteflexed

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19
Q

why do the fallopian tubes risk infection in the peritoneal cavity?

A

the fimbriated end opens into the peritoneal cavity which can cause peritonitis and ectopic pregnancy

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20
Q

what is the peritoneal cavity?

A

opening between visceral and parietal perineum

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21
Q

how does a HSG indicate patent tubes?

A

radiopaque dye should be seen spilling out

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22
Q

where do the ovaries sit?

A

ovarian fossae

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23
Q

where do the ovaries develop embryologically?

A

posterior abdominal wall

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24
Q

where is the ovum released?

A

from the ovary into the peritoneal cavity to be picked up by the fimbriae

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25
Q

vaginal digital examination landmarks

A
  • Ischial spines can be palpated laterally and 4 and 8 o’clock positions
  • Uterus can be bimanually palpated to assess anteverted placing
  • Palpating the adnexae (fallopian tubes and ovaries) by placing fingers in lateral fornix and other hand on the iliac fossa to detect masses or tenderness
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26
Q

what is the mons pubis?

A

skin with hair follicles overlying the subcutaneous fat pad over the pubic symphysis

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27
Q

what are the labia majora?

A

rich in apocrine and sebaceous glands with smooth muscle and hair follicles

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28
Q

what are the labia minora?

A

thin folds that lack fat and hair follicles with rich vasculature and sebaceous glands

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29
Q

what is the clitoris?

A

two tubes of erectile vascular tissue (corpora cavernosa) covered by fibrocollagenous sheath covered by skin

30
Q

what type of muscle is levator ani?

A

skeletal muscle under voluntary control that is tonically contracted

31
Q

when does levator ani contract further?

A

when you cough or sneeze to prevent incontinence due to increased intra-abdominal pressure

32
Q

which nerve supplies levator ani?

A

nerve to levator ani S3,4,5

33
Q

what supplies the perineal muscles?

A

pudendal nerve

34
Q

what is the perineal body?

A

bundle of collagenous and elastic tissue where the perineal muscles attach

35
Q

role of Bartholin’s (female) and Cowper’s (male) glands?

A

secrete lubricating fluid

36
Q

position of the breast

A

extends from ribs 2-6 from lateral border of the sternum to mid-axillary line

37
Q

what lies below the breast?

A

retromammary space
deep fascia
pectoralis major
serratus anterior

38
Q

lymphatic drainage of the breast

A

parasternal nodes
axillary nodes
abdominal nodes

39
Q

arterial supply to the breast

A

subclavian gives off internal and lateral thoracic arteries

40
Q

what does the pelvic floor separate?

A

pelvic cavity from perineum

41
Q

layers of the pelvic floor

A

pelvic diaphragm
perineal pouches
perineal membrane

42
Q

what does the pelvic diaphragm consist of?

A

levator ani and coccygeus

43
Q

three parts of levator ani

A

iliococcygeus
pubococcygeus
puborectalis

44
Q

what is the perineal membrane?

A

thin sheet of tough fascia with openings for urethra and vagina

45
Q

functions of the pelvic floor

A

provide support

continence

46
Q

mechanisms of injury to the pelvic floor

A 
pregnancy
childbirth
chronic constipation
obesity
heavy lifting
chronic cough/sneeze
injury to pelvis/pelvic floor
menopause
47
Q

what happens if the pelvic floor does not provide enough support?

A

incontinence

prolapse

48
Q

three bones that make up each hip

A

ilium
pubis
ischium
all meet at the acetabulum

49
Q

what forms the greater and lesser sciatic foramen?

A

sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments

50
Q

what crosses the obturator foramen

A

obturator membrane

51
Q

clinically important anastomoses in the female pelvis

A

between uterine and ovarian artery

between uterine and vaginal arteries

52
Q

relationship between ureter and uterine artery?

A

water under the bridge

53
Q

uterine artery homologous

A

artery to vas deferens

54
Q

nerves of the lateral pelvic wall

A

obturator nerve

lumbosacral trunk joins sacral plexus

55
Q

functions of the pelvis

A 
support upper body
transfer weight
attachment for muscles and external genitalia
protection
childbirth
56
Q

what does the pelvis consist of?

A

2 hip bones (ilium, ischium and pubis)
sacrum
coccyx

57
Q

two divisions of the pelvis?

A

pelvic inlet and outlet

58
Q

differences in female pelvis

A

wider diameter
wider suprapubic angle
shallower pelvic cavity

59
Q

which diameter is largest at the pelvic inlet?

A

transverse

60
Q

widest part of the foetus head

A

occipitofrontal diameter

61
Q

what is the station

A

distance of the foetal head from the ischial spines

negative means above and positive means below

62
Q

what position should the baby leave the pelvic cavity?

A

occipitoanterior

63
Q

position of baby’s head on delivery

A

extension

64
Q

innervation of the pudendal nerve

A

S2, 3, 4

2, 3, 4 keeps the pelvis off the floor

65
Q

route of the pudendal nerve

A

passes out of the greater sciatic foramen, wraps around the sacrospinous ligament and re-enters via the lesser sciatic foramen

66
Q

where does the ovarian artery come from?

A

abdominal aorta at L2

67
Q

what is a cystocele?

A

bladder bulges into the vagina

68
Q

what is a rectocele?

A

rectum bulges into the vagina

69
Q

where is the superficial perineal pouch found?

A

between skin and perineal membrane

70
Q

what does the superficial perineal pouch hold?

A

erectile tissue

71
Q

what passes through the corpus spongiosum?

A

male urethra

72
Q

pain below the levator ani

A

somatic sensory in pudendal nerve causes pain to be felt locally in the perineum

Reproduction Key Information (69 decks)

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