Histology

Question 1

what do the ovaries produce?

Answer 1

gametes

steroids (oestrogen and progesterone)

Question 2

what does the medulla of the ovary contain?

Answer 2

loose connective tissue
contorted arteries
veins
lymphatics

Question 3

what does the cortex of the ovary contain?

Answer 3

scattered ovarian follicles in a highly cellular connective tissue stroma
outer shell is dense connective tissue called the tunica albuginea covered by the germinal epithelium

Question 4

what is the tunica albuginea?

Answer 4

outer shell of the follicle

dense connective tissue

Question 5

what covers the tunica albuginea?

Answer 5

single layer of cuboidal cells called germinal epithelium

Question 6

what supplies the ovary?

Answer 6

group of helicine arteries enter the hilum from the broad ligament

Question 7

what is folliculogenesis?

Answer 7

growth of the follicle

Question 8

what does the follicle consist of?

Answer 8

oocyte and associated support cells

Question 9

what is atresia?

Answer 9

loss of oocytes by apoptosis

Question 10

what are the pre-antral follicles?

Answer 10

primordial follicle
primary follicle
late primary follicle

Question 11

what are the antral follicles?

Answer 11

secondary follicle

Graafian follicle

Question 12

what does the primordial follicle look like?

Answer 12

arrested follicle that may develop further or become atresic

surrounded oocyte by pregranulosa cells (squamous)

Question 13

what does the primary follicle look like?

Answer 13

cuboidal granulosa cells (zona granulosa)

oocyte enlarges and the zona pellucida forms between the oocyte and granulosa cells

Question 14

what does the late primary follicle look like?

Answer 14

granulosa cell proliferates to form theca interna and outer layer becomes theca externa

Question 15

what does the theca interna do?

Answer 15

secretes oestrogen precursors which are converted to oestrogen by granulosa cells

Question 16

role of granulosa cells?

Answer 16

convert oestrogen precursors to oestrogen

Question 17

what does the secondary follicle look like?

Answer 17

space called the antrum is filled with follicular fluid and enlarges in the granulosa cell layer

Question 18

what does the Graafian follicle look like?

Answer 18

largest antral follicle

Question 19

what happens to the Graafian follicle one day before ovulation?

Answer 19

oocyte in the largest Graafian follicle completes meiosis I and produces a secondary oocyte and one tiny polar body that carries the second nucleus away to degenerate

Question 20

what is follicle stigma?

Answer 20

indicates immediate rupture of the follicle as one part of the wall thins to allow release of the oocyte and granulosa cells that surround it

Question 21

what happens to the follicle after ovulation?

Answer 21

transforms into the corpus luteum with theca and granulosa cells secreting oestrogen and progesterone

Question 22

what happens to the corpus luteum if no implantation occurs?

Answer 22

becomes the corpus albicans

Question 23

what happens to the corpus luteum if implantation occurs?

Answer 23

placenta secretes HCG and progesterone preventing degeneration

Question 24

how does the ovum move through the fallopian tubes?

Answer 24

propelled by gentle peristalsis and currents created by ciliated epithelium

Question 25

lining of the ampulla

Answer 25

high folded mucosa lined by simple columnar epithelium

Question 26

how many layers of smooth muscle are there at the ampulla?

Answer 26

2

Question 27

how many layers of smooth muscle are there at the isthmus?

Answer 27

3

Question 28

three layers of the uterus wall

Answer 28

endometrium myometrium perimetrium

Question 29

what is the endometrium

Answer 29

inner secretory mucosa made of tubular secretory glands embedded in connective tissue (much is shed during menstruation)

Question 30

what is the myometrium?

Answer 30

3 layers of smooth muscle combined with collagen and elastic tissue

Question 31

what is the perimetrium?

Answer 31

visceral covering of loose connective tissue covered by mesothelium

Question 32

two parts of the endometrium

Answer 32

1. stratum functionalis | 2. stratum basalis

Question 33

what is the stratum functionalis

Answer 33

part of the endometrium that undergoes monthly growth, degeneration and loss

Question 34

what is the stratum basalis?

Answer 34

reserve tissue that regenerates functionalis

Question 35

three phases of the menstrual cycle

Answer 35

1. proliferative phase 2. secretory phase 3. menstrual phase

Question 36

what is the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle?

Answer 36

stratum basalis grows due to oestrogen until 1 day after ovulation

Question 37

what is the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?

Answer 37

glands secrete glycogen

Question 38

what is the menstrual phase of the menstrual cycle?

Answer 38

arterioles in the stratum functionalis undergo constriction causing ischaemia tissue breakdown, leakage of blood and tissue sloughing

Question 39

lining of the cervix

Answer 39

short cylinder with fibrous connective tissue covered by stratified squamous epithelium that transitions to simple columnar towards the uterus

Question 40

secretions during the proliferative phase

Answer 40

thin and watery to allow passage of sperm

Question 41

secretions post-ovulation

Answer 41

thick and viscous to prevent sperm and microorganisms

Question 42

what does blockage of the secretory glands cause?

Answer 42

Nabothian cyst

Question 43

four layers of the vagina

Answer 43

1. stratified squamous epithelium 2. lamina propria 3. fibromuscular layer 4. adventitia

Question 44

what is the lamina propria made up of?

Answer 44

connective tissue with elastic fibres and thin-walled blood vessels

Question 45

what does the fibromusuclar layer consist of?

Answer 45

inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle

Question 46

how do commensal bacteria prevent pathogenic bacteria?

Answer 46

metabolise glycogen to lactic acid inhibiting growth of bacteria