Histology Flashcards

1
Q

what do the ovaries produce?

A

gametes

steroids (oestrogen and progesterone)

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2
Q

what does the medulla of the ovary contain?

A

loose connective tissue
contorted arteries
veins
lymphatics

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3
Q

what does the cortex of the ovary contain?

A

scattered ovarian follicles in a highly cellular connective tissue stroma
outer shell is dense connective tissue called the tunica albuginea covered by the germinal epithelium

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4
Q

what is the tunica albuginea?

A

outer shell of the follicle

dense connective tissue

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5
Q

what covers the tunica albuginea?

A

single layer of cuboidal cells called germinal epithelium

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6
Q

what supplies the ovary?

A

group of helicine arteries enter the hilum from the broad ligament

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7
Q

what is folliculogenesis?

A

growth of the follicle

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8
Q

what does the follicle consist of?

A

oocyte and associated support cells

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9
Q

what is atresia?

A

loss of oocytes by apoptosis

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10
Q

what are the pre-antral follicles?

A

primordial follicle
primary follicle
late primary follicle

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11
Q

what are the antral follicles?

A

secondary follicle

Graafian follicle

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12
Q

what does the primordial follicle look like?

A

arrested follicle that may develop further or become atresic

surrounded oocyte by pregranulosa cells (squamous)

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13
Q

what does the primary follicle look like?

A

cuboidal granulosa cells (zona granulosa)

oocyte enlarges and the zona pellucida forms between the oocyte and granulosa cells

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14
Q

what does the late primary follicle look like?

A

granulosa cell proliferates to form theca interna and outer layer becomes theca externa

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15
Q

what does the theca interna do?

A

secretes oestrogen precursors which are converted to oestrogen by granulosa cells

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16
Q

role of granulosa cells?

A

convert oestrogen precursors to oestrogen

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17
Q

what does the secondary follicle look like?

A

space called the antrum is filled with follicular fluid and enlarges in the granulosa cell layer

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18
Q

what does the Graafian follicle look like?

A

largest antral follicle

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19
Q

what happens to the Graafian follicle one day before ovulation?

A

oocyte in the largest Graafian follicle completes meiosis I and produces a secondary oocyte and one tiny polar body that carries the second nucleus away to degenerate

20
Q

what is follicle stigma?

A

indicates immediate rupture of the follicle as one part of the wall thins to allow release of the oocyte and granulosa cells that surround it

21
Q

what happens to the follicle after ovulation?

A

transforms into the corpus luteum with theca and granulosa cells secreting oestrogen and progesterone

22
Q

what happens to the corpus luteum if no implantation occurs?

A

becomes the corpus albicans

23
Q

what happens to the corpus luteum if implantation occurs?

A

placenta secretes HCG and progesterone preventing degeneration

24
Q

how does the ovum move through the fallopian tubes?

A

propelled by gentle peristalsis and currents created by ciliated epithelium

25
Q

lining of the ampulla

A

high folded mucosa lined by simple columnar epithelium

26
Q

how many layers of smooth muscle are there at the ampulla?

A

2

27
Q

how many layers of smooth muscle are there at the isthmus?

A

3

28
Q

three layers of the uterus wall

A

endometrium
myometrium
perimetrium

29
Q

what is the endometrium

A

inner secretory mucosa made of tubular secretory glands embedded in connective tissue (much is shed during menstruation)

30
Q

what is the myometrium?

A

3 layers of smooth muscle combined with collagen and elastic tissue

31
Q

what is the perimetrium?

A

visceral covering of loose connective tissue covered by mesothelium

32
Q

two parts of the endometrium

A
  1. stratum functionalis

2. stratum basalis

33
Q

what is the stratum functionalis

A

part of the endometrium that undergoes monthly growth, degeneration and loss

34
Q

what is the stratum basalis?

A

reserve tissue that regenerates functionalis

35
Q

three phases of the menstrual cycle

A
  1. proliferative phase
  2. secretory phase
  3. menstrual phase
36
Q

what is the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

stratum basalis grows due to oestrogen until 1 day after ovulation

37
Q

what is the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

glands secrete glycogen

38
Q

what is the menstrual phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

arterioles in the stratum functionalis undergo constriction causing ischaemia

tissue breakdown, leakage of blood and tissue sloughing

39
Q

lining of the cervix

A

short cylinder with fibrous connective tissue covered by stratified squamous epithelium that transitions to simple columnar towards the uterus

40
Q

secretions during the proliferative phase

A

thin and watery to allow passage of sperm

41
Q

secretions post-ovulation

A

thick and viscous to prevent sperm and microorganisms

42
Q

what does blockage of the secretory glands cause?

A

Nabothian cyst

43
Q

four layers of the vagina

A
  1. stratified squamous epithelium
  2. lamina propria
  3. fibromuscular layer
  4. adventitia
44
Q

what is the lamina propria made up of?

A

connective tissue with elastic fibres and thin-walled blood vessels

45
Q

what does the fibromusuclar layer consist of?

A

inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle

46
Q

how do commensal bacteria prevent pathogenic bacteria?

A

metabolise glycogen to lactic acid inhibiting growth of bacteria