Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Reproduction Key Information > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what does the zygote divide into?

A

blastocyst which is transported to the uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what happens day 3-5 after fertilisation?

A

blastocyst is transported to the uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what happens days 5-8 after fertilisation?

A

blastocyst attaches to the lining of the uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how does the blastocyst attach to the lining of the uterus?

A

cords of trophoblastic cells penetrate the endometrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the placenta derived from?

A

trophoblast and decidual tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

role of trophoblast cells

A

invade decidua and break down capillaries to form cavities filled with maternal blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what separates maternal and foetal blood?

A

thin membrane

AV shunt?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what week are the placenta and heart functional by?

A

week 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

role of hCG

A

prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

role of human placental lactogen (HCS)

A

produced from week 5
protein formation
decreases insulin sensitivity in mother so more for foetus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

role of progesterone in pregnancy

A

develops decidual cells
decreases uterine contraction
prepares lactation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

role of oestrogen in pregnancy

A

enlarges uterus
breast development
relaxation of ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what conditions is HCG useful in the diagnosis of?

A

ectopic= static or slow rising
failing pregnancy= falling
viable pregnancy= double or >60% rise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

side effects of HCG

A

N&V

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what conditions lead to more hCG?

A

multiple pregnancy

molar pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what week do hCG levels fall?

A

12-14 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what happens when the placenta produces CRH?

A

increases ACTH in mother increasing aldosterone and cortisol

risks hypertension, oedema, GDM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

cardiovascular changes in pregnancy?

A

increased CO
increased HR
BP drops in semester 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

why does BP drop in semester 2?

A

uteroplacental circulation expands

PVR decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

haematological changes in pregnancy

A

plasma volume increased
EPO increases (increased RBC)
Hb decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

why does Hb decrease?

A

dilution

iron requirements increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

respiratory changes in pregnancy

A

progesterone signals to lower CO2 levels (increase pH
O2 consumption increases
increased RR and TV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

urinary changes in pregnancy

A

GFR and RPF increased
increased re-absorption of ions and water
increased UO
postural changes affect renal function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

postural changes that affect renal function

A

upright decreases

supine increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
circulatory changes in pregnancy
hypercoagulable state | VTE risk
26
metabolic changes in pregnancy
weight gain | 21-40 weeks catabolic phase
27
specific nutritional needs in pregnancy
``` folic acid vitamin D protein energy iron B-vitamins (erythropoiesis) ```
28
what hormones induce labour?
oestrogen inducing oxytocin receptors
29
what do oestrogen and oxytocin do in labour?
stimulates uterus contraction and make prostaglandins
30
three stages of labour
1. cervical dilatation (8-24 hours) 2. passage of foetus through the birth canal (minutes-120 minutes) 3. expulsion of placenta and membranes (<10 minutes)
31
active cervical dilatation
4-10cm
32
when is stage 2 of labour considered prolonged?
3 hours | 2 hours in multiparous women
33
when is surgery needed for stage 3 of labour?
>1 hour
34
active management of stage 3?
syntometerine or oxytocin
35
what is Bishops score used for?
determine whether it is safe to induce labour
36
what is liquor?
fluid that surrounds the foetus
37
true labour contractions (compared to Braxton Hicks)
under oxytocin evenly spaced, getting shorter length of contraction increases thinning of cervix
38
three reasons why labour may not be progressing?
1. power 2. passage 3. passenger
39
pacemaker of uterus smooth muscle contraction
fundus the tubal ostia
40
ideal passage pelvic shape
gynaecoid
41
what can failure to progress risk?
obstructed labour
42
risks in obstructed labour
sepsis AKI fistula formation foetal asphyxia
43
signs of obstruction
``` moulding caput (oedema) anuria haematuria vulval oedema ```
44
what does a partogram assess?
assess progress of labour
45
7 cardinal movements of baby in pelvis
1. Engagement 2. Descent 3. Flexion 4. Internal rotation 5. Crowning and extension 6. Restitution and external rotation 7. Expulsion of anterior shoulder first
46
what is crowning?
appearance of the foetal head at the introitus
47
actions taken once baby born?
delayed clamping | skin-to-skin contact
48
analgesics options in labour
``` massage water immersion IM opiates paracetamol/ co-codamol TENS entonox (oxygen + NO, gas and air) diamorphine epidural (levobupivacaine +/- opiate) spinal ```
49
which analgesic can inhibit progress in stage 2?
epidural
50
complications with anaesthetics used in labour
hypotension dural puncture atonic bladder
51
intrapartum foetal assessment
1. foetal heart + maternal pulse 2. CTG 3. amniotic fluid
52
what does a CTG show?
contraction frequency decelerations accelerations variability DRCBRAVADO= determine risk contractions baseline rate variability acceleration decelerations overall impression
53
oestrogen in breast feeding
grows ductile system
54
progesterone in breast feeding
grows lobule-alveolar system
55
role of prolactin in breast feeding
stimulates milk production
56
role of oxytocin in breast feeding
let-out reflex
57
what is the puerperium?
6 week period following birth with tissues returning to non-pregnant state
58
how long does lochia last?
discharge containing blood, mucus and endometrial casting lasting around 10-14 days
59
how long does it take BP to return to normal
6 weeks
60
placental functions
``` foetal homeostasis gas exchange nutrition/waste transport acid-base balance hormone production transport of IgG ```
61
three shunts in the foetal circulation
ductus venosus foramen ovale ductus arteriosus
62
fates of the shunts
1. FO closes (but can persist as PFO) 2. Ductus arteriosus becomes ligamentum arteriosus (but can persist as PDA) 3. Ductus venosus becomes ligamentum teres
63
preparations for birth in the 3rd trimester
``` surfactant production accumulation of glycogen brown fat subcutaneous fat swallowing amniotic fluid ```
64
adaptions in first few hours of life
thermoregulation no shivering > breakdown brown fat ketones as brain fuel
65
when is there a risk of hypothermia in babies?
preterm with low brown fat and subcutaneous stores, large SA
66
when is there a risk of hypoglycaemia in babies?
increased demand (unwell, hypothermic) premature small for dates maternal diabetes and hyperinsulinaemia
67
why does physiological jaundice happen?
breakdown of foetal Hb with immature conjugating pathways causing circulating unconjugated bilirubin

Reproduction Key Information (69 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions