Quiz 5 cardiovascular Flashcards
Mr. Smith has an MI (myocardial infarction). Which complications is he at risk for after this event? (Select 5 that apply)
cardiogenic shock
chronic venous insufficiency
thromboembolism
heart failure
sudden death from dysrhythmia
dysrhythmias, such as ventricular tach or ventricular fibrillation
cardiogenic shock
thromboembolism
heart failure
sudden death from dysrhythmia
dysrhythmias, such as ventricular tach or ventricular fibrillation
Complications can occur after a patient sustains an MI. Potential complications include dysrhythmia, papillary muscle rupture, thromboembolism, ventricular rupture, pericarditis, heart failure, and cardiogenic shock.” (Capriotti, 2nd Ed. Pg. 383)
Classic angina pectoris, or chest pain, symptoms include which of the following findings? (Select 3 that apply)
crushing sensation on left side of chest lasting 1-5 minutes
brought on by exertion or stress
pain relieved with rest and nitrates
loss of peripheral pulses
bilateral jugular distention
crushing sensation on left side of chest lasting 1-5 minutes
brought on by exertion or stress
pain relieved with rest and nitrates
“The patient with angina commonly has a history of chest pain brought on by exertion or stress. Patients report retrosternal chest discomfort and use terms such as pressure, choking, squeezing, or heaviness on the chest to describe the sensation. Classic cardiac chest pain is a crushing sensation felt on the left side of the chest, radiating into the left shoulder down the left arm. Alternatively, cardiac pain can radiate to the jaw, back, neck, right arm, or epigastric region. A significant characteristic of angina is that it is precipitated by exertion or stress, and the pain lasts approximately 1 to 5 minutes. It can be relieved by rest and the use of medications called nitrates, if prescribed. Significantly, the intensity of pain does not change with respirations, cough, or change in position.” (Capriotti, 2nd Ed., Pg. 375)
Risk factors associated with atherosclerosis formation include which of the following? (Select 4 that apply)
liver disease
diabetes mellitis
hypertension
chronic anemia
elevated LDL cholesterol
age and metabolic syndrome
diabetes mellitis
hypertension
elevated LDL cholesterol
age and metabolic syndrome
What are two major negative effects of hypertension on the cardiovascular system? (Select 2 that apply)
chronic venous insufficiency
accelerated build up of plaque
damage to the endothelial lining of arteries
left ventricular hypertrophy development
damage to the endothelial lining of arteries
left ventricular hypertrophy development
Pericarditis is an inflammation and/or infection of which cardiac structure?
the inner lining of the heart chambers
the muscle cells of the cardiac walls
the membrane sac surrounding the heart
the valves that control arterial flow
the membrane sac surrounding the heart
“Pericarditis is inflammation of the pericardium and epicardium, the folds of serous membrane that surround the heart’s exterior.” (Capriotti, 2nd Ed., Pg. 391)
Which pathology is most likely to lead to the development of jugular vein distention?
Left-sided heart failure
Mitral valve regurgitation
Right-sided heart failure
Hypovolemic shock
Right-sided heart failure
Jugular Venous Distension (JVD) is when the patient has “bilateral bulging blue neck veins”. This is caused by high pressure in the venous system from weakness in the the right ventricle of the heart. Because of this weakness in the right ventricle’s pumping action, pressure builds in the right atrium of the heart, superior vena cava (SVC), and inferior vena cava (IVC), and “backs up”, showing enlargement of the veins in the neck. “Elevated jugular venous pressure is a classic sign of the backward effects of RVF” (right-ventricular failure).
Why is cardiac tamponade a medical emergency?
The ventricles will weaken and result in heart failure
Blood in the pericardial sac will leak into the mediastinum
The constricted cardiac muscle will cause neurogenic shock
The heart chambers are restricted and cannot pump effectively
The heart chambers are restricted and cannot pump effectively
“In cardiac tamponade, the heart chambers are restricted by the surrounding pericardial fluid so they cannot stretch and fill with blood.” (Capriotti, 2nd Ed., Pg. 392) Without filling properly, the ventricles are unable to pump out an adequate amount of blood to sustain life.
A client is seen in the clinic with a deep venous embolus (DVT) in his right leg. What factors predispose individuals to the development of DVT?
Immobility, use of anti-coagulant drugs, decreased platelets
Highly active, elevated CRP, low platelet count
Highly active individuals, restrictive clothing, use of anti-coagulant drugs
Immobility, blood flow constriction, endothelial injury, increased platelet count
Immobility, blood flow constriction, endothelial injury, increased platelet count
In these types of questions, look for an option that includes ALL correct responses. The only one that includes ALL correct responses is “immobility, blood flow constriction, endothelial injury, increased platelet count”.
Match each type of shock to the specific pathology.
Cardiogenic shock
Hypovolemic shock
Neurogenic shock
Anaphylactic shock
Septic shock
Decreased pumping capacity of ventricle
Vasodilation due to severe allergic reaction
Vasodilation due to severe infection
Loss of fluid, blood or plasma
Vasodilation due disrupted Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)
such as from spinal cord injury
Cardiogenic shock
Correct match:
Decreased pumping capacity of ventricle
Hypovolemic shock
Correct match:
Loss of fluid, blood or plasma
Neurogenic shock
Correct match:
Vasodilation due disrupted Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)
such as from spinal cord injury
Anaphylactic shock
Correct match:
Vasodilation due to severe allergic reaction
Septic shock
Correct match:
Vasodilation due to severe infection
Which of the following symptoms would be expected in someone with a disorder of the mitral valve?
Peripheral edema
Hepatomegaly
Pulmonary edema
Jugular vein distention (DVD)
Pulmonary edema
The mitral valve is on the left side of the heart (the tricuspid valve is on the right side of the heart) so symptoms expected with mitral valve disorders are based on 1) the backward affect of blood backing up into the lungs (blood from the lungs entering the left side of the heart not being pumped out effectively) such as pulmonary edema and difficulty breathing and 2) forward affect of blood not getting to the rest of the body such as weak pulse and pale color of extremities.
