Quiz 1: inflammation, healing and infection Flashcards
When tissue injury occurs, which cell initiates the inflammatory process by releasing chemical mediators?
A. erythrocytes
B. neutrophils
C . lymphocytes
D . Mast cells
D. Mast cells
Correct! “Histamine, an inflammatory mediator released from basophils, platelets, and mast cells, has many systemic effects. It causes arteriolar vasodilation, large artery vasoconstriction, and increased permeability of venules. Mast cells, located in tissues adjacent to blood vessels, are the richest source of histamine. Physical injury, immune reactions, cytokines, and other inflammatory mediators stimulate histamine release.” (Capriotti, 2nd Ed., Pg. 163)
What symptom is most closely associated with prostaglandin synthesis and bradykinin activation?
A. Pain
B. Itching
C. Edema
D. Erythema
A. Pain
Correct! “The PGs (prostaglandins) formed by the COX-2 pathway perpetuate inflammation; cause pain, fever, swelling, and muscle contractions….” (Capriotti, 2nd Ed., Pg. 164) See Figure 9-7 on page 164.
What is the function of histamine?
A. Increases capillary permeability
B. Provides protection against excessive bleeding
C. brings neutrophils to damaged areas
D. destroys harmful substances
A. Increases capillary permeability
Correct! “During the vascular phase at a site of inflammation, inflammatory mediators such as histamine and bradykinin cause the blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable. This permits fluids, WBCs, and platelets to travel to the site of injury or infection. (Capriotti, 2nd Ed., Pg. 158) “Histamine, an inflammatory mediator released from basophils, platelets, and mast .cells, has many systemic effects. It causes arteriolar vasodilation, large artery vasoconstriction, and increased permeability of venules.” (Capriotti, 2nd Ed., Pg. 163)
What characterizes a pathogenic microorganism?
A. produces usable cellular metabolites
B. readily found in or on the body of the host
C. has symbiotic relationship with the host
D. Causes cellular damage or disease in the host
D. Causes cellular damage or disease in the host
Correct! See the discussion on “Normal Microbial Flora Versus Pathogens” (Capriotti, 2nd Ed., Pg. 174)
A wound that requires minimal re-epithelialization heals by which process?
A. surgical intention
B. primary intention
C. secondary intention
D. accidental intention
B. primary intention
Correct! “Healing by primary intention, also called primary union, is the least complicated type of wound repair. The edges of the wound are clearly demarcated, cleanly lacerated, and easily brought together, and there is no missing tissue within the injured area.” (Capriotti, 2nd Ed., Pg. 166)
Which responses cause the signs of erythema (redness) and heat in a localized inflammation? (Select 2 that apply)
A. rapid influx of neutrophils
B. capillary vasodilation
C. increased capillary permeability
D. aggregation of platelets
B. capillary vasodilation
C. increased capillary permeability
Correct! Increased vasodilation and resulting increased capillary permeability cause the symptoms of erythema and localized inflammation. (Capriotti, 2nd Ed., Pg. 158)
Which findings could decrease a host’s resistance to infection? (Select 3 that apply)
A. malnutrition
B. healthy immune system
C. 87 years of age
D. chronic asthma
E. intact membranes
A. Malnutrition
C. 87 years of age
D. Chronic asthma
Correct! This topic is covered in the chapter on wound healing, chapter 9. See Box 9-2 on page 168 on “Factors Involved in Wound Healing”, as well as the discussion on “Factors That Affect Wound Healing”, including nutrition, blood flow and oxygen delivery, immune strength. (Capriotti, 2nd Ed., Pgs. 167-9)
Chronic inflammation may cause _______________. (Select 3 that apply)
A. cellular damage
B. organ dysfunction
C. delayed healing
D. increased cellular growth
A. cellular damage
B. organ dysfunction
C. delayed healing
Correct! See the discussion on Chronic Inflammation. (Capriotti, 2nd Ed., Pgs. 164-5)
The phase of the inflammatory response involving chemotaxis is the…?
A. healing phase
B. cellular phase
C. vascular phase
B. Cellular phase
Correct! “Acute inflammatory reaction involves three main stages”: 1) Vascular permeability (or “vascular phase”, 2) Cellular chemotaxis (or “cellular phase”), and 3) Systemic responses. “During the cellular phase of inflammation, a chemical signal from microbial agents, endothelial cells, and WBCs attracts platelets and other WBCs to the site of injury. This is referred to as chemotaxis.” (Capriotti, 2nd Ed., Pgs. 158-9)
Which are systemic symptoms associated with acute inflammation? (Select 3 that apply)
A. exudate at the site of injury
B. lymphadenopathy
C. fever and chills
D. pain
B. lymphadenopathy
C. fever and chills
D. pain
Which are systemic symptoms associated with acute inflammation? (Select 3 that apply)
A. exudate at the site of injury
B. lymphadenopathy
C. fever and chills
D. pain
B. lymphadenopathy
C. fever and chills
D. pain
Correct! “Systemic” responses are those that are system-wide, throughout the body, rather than being a “local” response, such as at the wound or site of injury itself. “Persons enduring acute inflammation experience symptoms throughout the whole body, such as fever, pain, lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph nodes), anorexia, sleepiness, lethargy, anemia, and weight loss.” (Capriotti, 2nd Ed., Pg. 162)
