Hyperlipidemia and Hypertension Flashcards
Question 1 of 5
When discussing cholesterol levels with a patient, which of the following is desirable?
High HDL, high LDL
High cholesterol, high LDL
High cholesterol, low HDL
High HDL, low LDL
High HDL, low LDL
Question 2 of 5
Statins ________________. Select all that apply.
are used to treat hypertension. reduce liver synthesis of cholesterol. decrease bile reabsorption. help to control hyperlipidemia. cause vasodilation.
reduce liver synthesis of cholesterol.
help to control hyperlipidemia.
Which of the following are recommendations regarding cholesterol? Select all that apply.
Vigorous walking or other exercise should occur daily for 30 minutes.
HDL levels should be > 40 mg/dL.
Dietary saturated fat intake should be increased.
Total cholesterol should be > 200 mg/dL.
Intake of trans-fats should be limited.
Vigorous walking or other exercise should occur daily for 30 minutes.
HDL levels should be > 40 mg/dL.
Intake of trans-fats should be limited.
Question 4 of 5
Secondary hypertension ____________________. Select all that apply.
has no negative effect on the heart.
is due to the presence of another disease, such as Cushing’s syndrome.
accounts for 5% to 10% percent of all hypertension cases.
is a blood pressure ≤ 160/100 mm Hg.
is also known as essential hypertension.
accounts for 5% to 10% percent of all hypertension cases.
is due to the presence of another disease, such as Cushing’s syndrome.
Question 5 of 5
Hypertension may cause ___________________. Select all that apply.
increased cholesterol. increased coronary circulation need. atherosclerosis. left ventricular hypertrophy. vessels to rupture.
increased coronary circulation need.
left ventricular hypertrophy.
vessels to rupture.
Question 1 of 14
Ms. Karen West, age 58 years, is a retired librarian. She admits to leading a sedentary lifestyle, especially now that she has stopped working. Her only self-reported activity is working in her garden. She reports she has gained “about 15 pounds” in the last several years. At 5 feet, 4 inches, Ms. West weighs 192 pounds.
Ms. West has not been seeing a physician in the past 4 years and her last blood laboratory tests were done 8 years ago.
Among other tests, the primary care provider orders a lipid profile be completed for Ms. West.
The results return with the following values: Total cholesterol: 260 mg/dL LDL cholesterol: 160 mg/dL HDL cholesterol: 35 mg/dL Triglycerides: 210 mg/dL
Which of these values are considered high? Select all that apply. Total cholesterol LDL HDL Triglycerides
Total cholesterol
LDL
Triglycerides
High LDL is 160 to 189 mg/dL and high triglycerides is 200 to 499 mg/dL. Total cholesterol is high (> 240 mg/dL) and HDL is low.
Question 2 of 14
For cardiac health, which of the following should Ms. West work to elevate? Total cholesterol LDL HDL Triglycerides
HDL
HDL, high-density lipoprotein, is considered to the “good cholesterol,” as it transports cholesterol from the bloodstream to the liver. A regular exercise program has been shown to increase HDL levels.
Question 3 of 14
Other laboratory results indicate fasting plasma glucose of 120 mg/dL, an elevated TSH, and reduced thyroxine level. Based on these results and her patient data, which additional risk factors for hyperlipidemia may Ms. West have? Select all that apply. Hyperthyroidism Type 2 diabetes mellitus Hypothyroidism Obesity Pre-menopausal
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Hypothyroidism
Obesity
Type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, and obesity are all risk factors for hyperlipidemia. Given the laboratory results, Ms. West should have further evaluations for hypothyroidism and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Her BMI currently places her in the “obese” category.
Question 4 of 14
In addition to the laboratory values, a physical examination of Ms. West is conducted. Which of the following are associated with hyperlipidemia? Select all that apply. Wheezing Xanthoma Clubbing of fingers Skin ulcers Xanthelasma Cyanosis
Xanthoma
Xanthelasma
Xanthoma and xanthelasma are yellowish deposits under the skin and near the eye.
Question 5 of 14
Ms. West requests further information about hyperlipidemia and its effects on the body. Which of the following statements regarding lipids are correct? Select all that apply.
LDL lipoproteins and triglycerides play a role in atherosclerosis.
Foam cells that result in plaque formation arise from neutrophils.
The only source of cholesterol in the body is dietary intake.
Atherosclerotic plaques disintegrate into foam cells.
High levels of LDL cholesterol and low levels of HDL cholesterol increase risk for cardiovascular disease.
LDL lipoproteins and triglycerides play a role in atherosclerosis.
High levels of LDL cholesterol and low levels of HDL cholesterol increase risk for cardiovascular disease.
Both LDL lipoproteins and triglycerides are associated with atherosclerosis. The inverse relationship between elevated LDL cholesterol levels and reduced HDL cholesterol levels has been shown to be related to an increase risk of cardiovascular disease.
Foam cells are formed from macrophages, not neutrophils. In addition to dietary intake of cholesterol, the liver also synthesizes cholesterol. Atherosclerotic plaques do not disintegrate into foam cells. Foam cells form fatty streaks which lead to atherosclerotic plaques.
Question 6 of 14
Which of the following lifestyle modifications would you recommend to reduce Ms. West’s hyperlipidemia? Select all that apply.
Increase trans-fatty acid intake
Keep dietary cholesterol intake < 300 mg per day
Increase intake of fish oils
Increase intake of dietary fiber
30 minutes of aerobic exercise daily
Keep dietary cholesterol intake < 300 mg per day
Increase intake of fish oils
Increase intake of dietary fiber
30 minutes of aerobic exercise daily
Cholesterol intake should be less than 300 mg per day. Aerobic exercise has been shown to reduce LDL cholesterol and raise HDL cholesterol. Dietary fiber and fish oil have been shown to have favorable effects on cholesterol levels. Trans-fatty acids have been shown to increase LDL cholesterol.
Question 7 of 14
Many medications are used to treat hyperlipidemia. Which of the following statements are true? Select all that apply.
Statins block cholesterol absorption in the intestines
.
Fibrates treat high triglyceride levels.
Niacin raises LDL level and raises HDL levels.
Hyperlipidemia medications can be combined.
Statin treatment cannot reduce atherosclerotic plaques already present.
Fibrates treat high triglyceride levels.
Hyperlipidemia medications can be combined.
Fibrates are used as first-line treatment for elevated triglyceride concentrations. Cholesterol-lowering medications are commonly used in combination. Statins work by reducing cholesterol synthesis by the liver and have been shown to reduce existing atherosclerotic plaques.
Question 8 of 14
Mr. Benson, a 45-year-old African American male, arrived in the clinic for his “annual” check-up. He is worried about his health, as his sister, age 52, recently suffered a heart attack. Mr. Benson realizes his lifestyle may increase his risk for cardiovascular disease. He tells you he “likes to eat whatever he wants” and he “loves to use the salt shaker.” He enrolled in a fitness class near his home but has only attended a couple times.
Calculating Mr. Benson’s BMI, you note he falls within the “obese” category. Mr. Benson’s resting heart rate is 86 bpm and he appears to have shortness of breath upon exertion.
The last time Mr. Benson was in the clinic was 3 years ago. At that time, his blood pressure readings were 138/80 mm Hg and 134/82 mm Hg. He was told to return in 6 months for further evaluation. Mr. Benson’s blood pressure readings placed him in which category? Normal Elevated Stage 1 HTN Stage 2 HTN
Stage 1 HTN
Normal BP: < 120 mm Hg systolic and < 80 mm Hg diastolic
Elevated: 120 to 129 mm Hg systolic and < 80 mm Hg diastolic
Stage 1 HTN: 130 to 139 mm Hg systolic or 80 to 89 mm Hg diastolic
Stage 2 HTN: ≥ 140 mm Hg systolic or ≥ 90 mm Hg diastolic
Question 9 of 14
At this appointment, Mr. Benson’s BP readings are 146/92 mm Hg and 142/90 mm Hg. What is the classification for Mr. Benson now? Normal Elevated Stage 1 HTN Stage 2 HTN
Stage 2 HTN
Normal BP: < 120 mm Hg systolic and < 80 mm Hg diastolic
Elevated: 120 to 129 mm Hg systolic and < 80 mm Hg diastolic
Stage 1 HTN: 130 to 139 mm Hg systolic or 80 to 89 mm Hg diastolic
Stage 2 HTN: ≥ 140 mm Hg systolic or ≥ 90 mm Hg diastolic
Question 10 of 14
Mr. Benson is surprised to hear he has hypertension, because overall he feels fine. You tell Mr. Benson that many patients with hypertension have no symptoms and that he has a number of factors that increase his risk for hypertension. Which of the following are risk factors for hypertension? Select all that apply. Age 20 to 40 years Excess sodium in diet Regular aerobic exercise History of autoimmune disease Obesity African American ethnicity Family history
Excess sodium in diet
Obesity
African American ethnicity
Family history
Excess sodium, obesity, African American ethnicity and a family history of hypertension are known risk factors for hypertension. Mr. Benson has all of these risk factors. The risk of hypertension increases with age, while regular aerobic exercise reduces the risk for hypertension. Autoimmune diseases are not a known risk for hypertension.
