Musculoskeletal disorder Flashcards
Question 1 of 8
Unusual x-ray images of a 14-month old infant reveal bowed femurs and tibias. Costochondral swelling and asymmetry of the thoracic cage are also noted. Blood laboratory reports reveal hypocalcemia, elevated PTH, and decreased vitamin D.
Drag and drop the name of the appropriate disorder.
cauda equina syndrome
degenerative disc disease
osteopenia
spinal stenosis
osteoarthritis
osteomalacia
osteoporosis
Rickets
Rickets
Rickets is a condition of weakened bones due to lack of vitamin D and/or calcium that affects children, most commonly those younger than age 2. A pronounced bow-legged appearance is a hallmark of the disease, as well as a deformed thoracic cage. In this case, as vitamin D is low, so is calcium absorption, leading to hypocalcemia and subsequent PTH secretion
Question 2 of 8
Debbie, who works as an administrative assistant, is overweight and leads a sedentary lifestyle. She recently turned 50 and presents with a primary complaint of joint pain, especially in the morning, and notes that her joints “snap” and “pop.” She states the pain makes her not want to stay in bed. At work, her hands often hurt while typing. Examination of her hands reveals the presence of Heberden’s nodes.
Drag and drop the name of the appropriate disorder.
cauda equina syndrome
degenerative disc disease
osteopenia
spinal stenosis
osteoarthritis
osteomalacia
osteoporosis
rickets
osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis is degeneration of the joints resulting in pain and stiffness, especially in the morning. Previous joint trauma is often a precipitating factor. Crepitus, or joint “clicking,” is also a common sign of osteoarthritis. Heberden’s nodes develop in the distal interphalangeal joint in osteoarthritis of the fingers. Mild to moderate activity can help with the symptoms of osteoarthritis, so Debbie’s sedentary lifestyle may contribute to her pain.
Question 3 of 8
Gerald, age 62, has suffered from pain and neuropathy from degenerative disc disease in the lumbosacral area for the past 8 years. He has treated his condition with over-the-counter anti-inflammatories, stretching, and occasional chiropractic appointments. His history shows worsening symptoms over the years. Gerald has been considering surgery to relieve his pain. Today, however, his wife has called the clinic very upset as Gerald has lost bladder and bowel function, and sensation in his leg. Hearing this, you know Gerald’s condition is now a medical emergency.
Drag and drop the name of the appropriate disorder.
cauda equina syndrome
degenerative disc disease
osteopenia
spinal stenosis
osteoarthritis
osteomalacia
osteoporosis
rickets
cauda equina syndrome
The cauda equine (horse’s tail) is located at the base of the spinal cord. The nerve fibers innervate the sphincters for urination and defecation. They also innervate the perineum and are involved in sexual function. Stenosis and degeneration of this area of the spine may impinge on these nerves to such an extent that bladder and bowel function are lost. When this occurs, it is a medical emergency.
Question 4 of 8
Bill, age 66, lives in northern Minnesota. Because he has had two basal cell carcinomas, Bill is now a self-described “sunscreen addict.” He avoids the sun at all costs. He states that he does not take any vitamin or mineral supplements. His diet consists primarily of snacking as he lives alone and does not like to cook. He avoids dairy products as they upset his stomach. Bill complains that he has been feeling tired and weak lately and his back hurts whenever he does anything.
Drag and drop the name of the appropriate disorder.
cauda equina syndrome
degenerative disc disease
osteopenia
spinal stenosis
osteoarthritis
osteomalacia
osteoporosis
rickets
osteomalacia
Living in a norther climate and robust use of sunscreen may put an individual at risk for low vitamin D levels, as vitamin D is formed by ultraviolet light striking the skin. In this case, lack of vitamin D intake may also be present, because no vitamin or mineral supplement usage is reported and dairy products are avoided. Lack of vitamin D and calcium in adulthood can cause the disease of osteomalacia. As the bones are weakened, pain develops with activity.
Question 5 of 8
Kevin, age 56, presents with severe back pain that worsens whenever he has to stoop or bend over. He states he even had to have his wife tie his shoes for him the other day. He reports the sensation of “pins and needles” along his left leg. On one occasion, he was particularly concerned as his lower leg and foot went numb.
Drag and drop the name of the appropriate disorder.
cauda equina syndrome
degenerative disc disease
osteopenia
spinal stenosis
osteoarthritis
osteomalacia
osteoporosis
rickets
degenerative disc disease
Back pain accompanied by numbness and altered sensation may indicate disruption of spinal nerve conduction. As intervertebral discs become worn down with age and trauma, degenerative disc disease manifests. As these discs degenerate, the spine may become misaligned and impingement of spinal nerves may occur, causing sensory and motor function problems.
Question 6 of 8
Violet is a 62-year-old Caucasian woman of petite stature. She recently fell while stepping off a curb on an icy morning and suffered a transverse fracture of her right distal radius. Height and weight measurements show that Violet has lost a half an inch in height over the past several years. Her posture shows slight kyphosis. Violet informs you that before her fall, she volunteered at the community health fair and received a complimentary bone mineral density test. She was confused about her T score, which was measured as –2.8. She said they recommended she make an appointment with her physician.
Drag and drop the name of the appropriate disorder.
cauda equina syndrome
degenerative disc disease
osteopenia
spinal stenosis
osteoarthritis
osteomalacia
osteoporosis
rickets
osteoporosis
A bone mineral density T score of –2.8 indicates severe osteoporosis. T scores are based on standard deviations from a normalized reference population. Violet’s negative T score indicates her bone density is below the reference norm. A distal radius fracture in an elderly individual may indicate weakened bones. A loss of height in an individual accompanied by developing kyphosis may indicate compression fractures of the vertebrae, common in osteoporosis.
Question 7 of 8
Melissa is a young woman training to compete as a gymnast. Melissa feels her sport performance is better when she weighs less. She follows a strict regimen of intense training and caloric restriction and is pleased with the results as she has lost 15 pounds. During this time, Melissa has developed amenorrhea. She is seeking help as she has suffered three stress fractures in the past year. The clinician is worried about Melissa’s bone health. A DEXA scan reveals a T score of –1.5.
Drag and drop the name of the appropriate disorder.
cauda equina syndrome
degenerative disc disease
osteopenia
spinal stenosis
osteoarthritis
osteomalacia
osteoporosis
rickets
osteopenia
Osteopenia is a reduction in bone mineral density that does not meet the level of loss required for a diagnosis of osteoporosis. Melissa’s T score indicates her bone mineral density is less than the reference norm. Amenorrhea in young women can accelerate bone loss. This reduction is bone mineral density is likely contributing to Melissa’s stress fracture development.
Question 8 of 8
A clinician is reviewing X-ray and MRI results for Mary, age 70, who has presented with complaints of tingling in her arms and hands. She also complains of neck pain and feels her condition is worsening. On the diagnostic studies, the clinician notes a narrowing of vertebral opening with impingement on the cervical nerves.
Drag and drop the name of the appropriate disorder.
cauda equina syndrome
degenerative disc disease
osteopenia
spinal stenosis
osteoarthritis
osteomalacia
osteoporosis
rickets
spinal stenosis
The hallmark of spinal stenosis is the narrowing of vertebral openings with compromise of spinal nerve function. As nerves are compressed by the narrowed opening, tingling and numbness can develop in the extremities served by those nerves. In this case, spinal stenosis in the cervical area is causing the tingling in the patients arms and hands.
Question 1 of 5
Which of the following groups may be at risk for osteoporosis?
Women of reproductive age
Postmenopausal women
Teenage males
Teenage females
Question 1 of 5
Which of the following groups may be at risk for osteoporosis?
Women of reproductive age
Postmenopausal women
Teenage males
Teenage females
Question 1 of 5
Which of the following groups may be at risk for osteoporosis?
Women of reproductive age
Postmenopausal women
Teenage males
Teenage females
Postmenopausal women
Question 2 of 5
_______________ wears down joint cartilage.
Rickets
Osteoporosis
Osteoarthritis
Osteomalacia
Osteoarthritis
Question 3 of 5
Lack of vitamin ______ may result in decreased bone mineralization.
A
B
D
K
D
Question 4 of 5
A child is recently diagnosed with rickets. Which of the following characteristics would you expect to observe? Select all that apply.
Delayed tooth development Flattened skull Bow-shaped femurs Increased bone density Increased height
Bow shaped femurs
Delayed tooth development
Question 5 of 5
Disc degeneration most commonly occurs in the _____________ areas. Select all that apply.
cervical lumbar sacral coccygeal thoraci
cervical
lumbar
