Quiz 10 endocrine/ pancreas Flashcards
What symptoms will a person exhibit if too much thyroid hormone is consistently present?
cold intolerance and significant hair loss
flat facial features and protruding abdomen
exophthalmos and increased heart rates
myxedema and uncoordinated movements
exophthalmos and increased heart rates
The effects of release of too much thyroid hormone, or hyperthyroidism, will cause accelerated metabolic activities, including nervousness, insomnia, rapid heart rate, weight loss, and in Graves’ disease, esophthalmos (a wide-eyed stare caused by increased sympathetic tone, etc.)
What effect will a growth hormone deficit have in children?
cretinism
short stature or dwarfism
acromegaly
distorted and twisted joints
short stature or dwarfism
“Growth hormone stimulates the growth plates of long bones”, so if there is a deficit (shortage) of growth hormone, the child will not grow properly. This can result in short stature or dwarfism. Overproduction of growth hormone in children, in addition to other endocrine problems, can lead to gigantism, where the individual may grow to 7 feet or more.
An excess release of ADH will cause what fluid changes in the body?
development of generalized edema and ascites
profuse amounts of almost clear urine
hyponatremia due to sodium loss in the kidneys
small amounts of very concentrated urine
small amounts of very concentrated urine
ADH is Anti-diuretic hormone. This tells the kidneys to hold onto water/fluid! “ADH stimulates reabsorption of water at the collecting duct of the nephron” (Pg. 573). Since the kidneys are keeping water, rather than releasing it in the urine, the urine becomes dark, very concentrated, and minimal in amount. This happens when the water is needed in the body, often because the blood pressure or blood volume is low and the body needs additional fluid. ADH helps the body conserve the fluid that is needed.
What is the characteristic appearance of a patient with excess glucocorticoids (Cushing syndrome)?
edematous legs with thin trunk and swollen joints
round obese trunk with thin extremities
obese belly with thick bowed legs
full round face with slanted eyes
round obese trunk with thin extremities
Cushing’s syndrome, also called hyperadrenalism or hypercortisolism, is an endocrine disorder caused by high levels of cortisol in the blood.” (Capriotti, 2nd ed., Pg. 581) Physical characteristics include weight gain with a redistribution of body fat to the face, trunk, and abdomen, puffy face (“moon face”), “buffalo hump”, abdominal stretch marks (striae), easy bruising, poor wound healing, hirsutism in women (male-pattern hair growth).
Define gastroenteritis:
infection of the gastric mucosa with H. pylori
profuse diarrhea with bright red bloody stools
flattening of the villi in the small intestine
irritation of the gastric and intestinal mucosa
irritation of the gastric and intestinal mucosa
Gastroenteritis occurs from an irritation to the lining of the stomach, small intestine, or large intestine by a pathogen or toxin.” (Capriotti, 2nd ed., Pg. 716) Gastroenteritis often causes “nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramping, and diarrhea”. (pg. 717)
What pathology initiates the development of a peptic or duodenal ulcer?
an insufficiency of pancreatic enzymes
a break in the mucosal lining of the stomach or duodenum
gastric secretions reflux through the lower esophageal sphincter
severe body trauma or an incapacitating event
a break in the mucosal lining of the stomach or duodenum
“The underlying pathophysiology of PUD (Peptic Ulcer Disease) is hypersecretion of HCl, ineffective GI mucus production, and poor cellular repair. These abnormalities lead to the erosion of the mucous membrane in the stomach or duodenum.”
Why can cholelithiasis cause intense abdominal pain after eating a fatty meal?
bile is leaking into the surrounding tissues
Gallstones have formed in the gallbladder
the pancreatic duct is obstructed
bile is refluxing into the stomach
Gallstones have formed in the gallbladder
“Cholelithiasis is the presence of gallstones within the gallbladder.” (Capriotti, 2nd Ed., Pg. 785). Patients with any type of gallbladder disease can experience nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain after eating, especially after eating fatty foods.
What pathology results in acute pancreatitis?
pancreatic enzymes released into its tissues result in autodigestion
insulin is released into the blood strem but exocrine function is inactive
inflammation prevents production of the endocrine and exocrine enzymes
the pancreas shrinks, hardens and is easily palpable
pancreatic enzymes released into its tissues result in autodigestion
Acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory disease of the pancreas that can result from episodes of untreated colecystitis caused by gallstones. A gallstone can lodge in the common bile duct and obstruct free flow of enzymes from the pancreas. The digestive enzymes then back up and perform autodigestion on the gland parenchyma and destroy the pancreatic cells. Autodigestion leads to severe damage to pancreatic cells, edema, vascular insufficiency, and ischemia of the gland.”
Besides chronic alcohol intake, what other condition can cause cirrhosis?
Crohn’s disease
chronic hepatitis
irritable bowel syndrome
celiac disease
chronic hepatitis
Worldwide, hepatitis is one of the most common pathological conditions of the liver.” “In most of the world, HBV (Hepatitis B Virus) and HCV (Hepatitis C Virus) are the common causes of cirrhosis, whereas in the United States, alcoholism is a predominant cause. However, there is an increasing prevalence of nonalcoholic liver disease in the United States and worldwide.”
A young child is diagnosed with a volvulus. How would you explain it to the mother?
the intestine has telescoped into itself, causing blockage
a part of the intestineis obstructed by a growth in the lumen
an intestinal loop is twisted with resultant decreased blood supply
part of the intestine is trapped in a hole in the peritoneum
an intestinal loop is twisted with resultant decreased blood supply
“A volvulus is a twisting of the large intestine around a point of attachment in the abdomen.” (Capriotti, 2nd Ed., Pg. 747) The effects of this condition “can lead to ischemia and infarction of the intestinal wall”.
