(Pre) CH22 DA: Basic Pathologies of Renal Disorders

Question 1

Question 1 of 5

Which of the following are true? Select all that apply.

Renin levels increase with poor kidney perfusion.
Heart failure results in postrenal failure.
Nephrotoxic drugs are a cause of intrarenal failure.
Staphylococcal infections are common causes of kidney failure.
Spinal stenosis pain is common symptom of kidney dysfunction.

Answer 1

Renin levels increase with poor kidney perfusion.

Nephrotoxic drugs are a cause of intrarenal failure.

Question 2

Question 2 of 5

A nurse is assessing the laboratory results of a client who is suspected of having glomerular damage. Which value of serum albumin is most indicative of the condition in this client?

4. 0 g/dL
5. 0 g/dL
6. 5 g/dL
7. 5 g/dL

Answer 2

2.5 g/dL

Question 3

Question 3 of 5

Which statements are valid only for prerenal kidney injury when compared with both intrarenal and postrenal kidney injury? Select all that apply.

Can be caused by prostatic hyperplasia

Is associated with a significant increase in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

Caused by any condition that decreases blood flow and renal perfusion

Can be caused by radiopaque dye used in imaging studies

Can be caused by hypovolemic shock

Answer 3

Caused by any condition that decreases blood flow and renal perfusion

Can be caused by hypovolemic shock

Question 4

Question 4 of 5

Infection of the renal system may be evident by the presence of which of the following in a urine sample? Select all that apply.

Nitrite
Leukocyte esterase
Calcium
Glucose
Albumin

Answer 4

Nitrite

Leukocyte esterase

Question 5

Question 5 of 5

Increasing serum creatinine levels may indicate _________________.

decreased blood urea nitrogen
reduced glomerular filtration rate
azotemia
increasing glomerular filtration rate

Answer 5

reduced glomerular filtration rate

Question 6

Question 1 of 11

Choose the classification for each type of renal dysfunction.

Nephrotoxic medications
Prerenal

Intrarenal

Postrenal

Answer 6

Intrarenal

Nephrotoxic medications, as the name implies, damage the kidneys. Because the kidneys are directly damaged, this is a form of intrarenal dysfunction.

Question 7

Question 2 of 11

Choose the classification for each type of renal dysfunction.

Erythropoietin levels in kidney failure
Increased

Unchanged

Decreased

Answer 7

Decreased

Kidneys produce erythropoietin. When kidney damage or failure occurs, synthesis of erythropoietin is compromised.

Question 8

Question 3 of 11

Choose the classification for each type of renal dysfunction.

Shock:

Prerenal

Intrarenal

Postrenal

Answer 8

Prerenal

Shock can result from a number of causes. With this condition, inadequate perfusion of organs and tissues occurs, including the kidneys. As the problem involves delivery of blood to the kidneys, it is a prerenal condition.

Question 9

Question 4 of 11

Choose the classification for each type of renal dysfunction.

Azotemia:

Increased Serum BUN

Decreased Serum BUN

Increased GFR

Answer 9

Increased Serum BUN

Azotemia as defined as elevated blood urea nitrogen levels. This condition can be caused by decreased glomerular filtration.

Question 10

Question 5 of 11

Choose the classification for each type of renal dysfunction.

Postrenal failure
Nephrotoxic Drugs

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Decreased Kidney Perfusion

Answer 10

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Prostatic hyperplasia may cause postrenal failure. As the prostate enlarges, it may compress the urethra, preventing normal movement of fluid from the kidneys.

Question 11

Question 6 of 11

Choose the classification for each type of renal dysfunction.

Damaging infection to kidney
Staphylococcal

Clostridial

Streptococcal

Answer 11

Streptococcal

Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infections may damage the glomeruli of the kidneys. Staphylococcal and clostridial infections do not target the kidney.

Question 12

Question 7 of 11

Choose the classification for each type of renal dysfunction.

Pain presentation with kidney pathologies
Severe Headache

Costovertebral Angle Pain

Right Upper Quadrant Pai

Answer 12

Costovertebral Angle Pain

Costovertebral angle (CVA) pain is a hallmark of pathologic conditions of the kidney. Pain is present in the lower back between the location of the kidneys and lower ribs.

Question 13

Question 8 of 11

Choose the classification for each type of renal dysfunction.

Type of dialysis in which blood drawn from body enters dialyzer

Hemodialysis

Peritoneal Dialysis

Pleural Dialysis

Answer 13

Hemodialysis

In peritoneal dialysis, a patient’s peritoneum is filled with fluid to be exchanged. Hemodialysis requires blood to be drawn from the body, run through a dialyzer, and then returned to the body.

Question 14

Question 9 of 11

Choose the classification for each type of renal dysfunction.

Type of kidney injury resulting from glomerulonephritis

Prerenal

Intrarenal

Postrenal

Answer 14

Intrarenal

Glomerulonephritis is an inflammatory condition of the glomeruli of the kidney. Because the kidneys are directly damaged, this is an example of an intrarenal condition. The most common organism that causes glomerulonephritis is Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus.

Question 15

Question 10 of 11

Choose the classification for each type of renal dysfunction.

Sign of urinary tract infection in urinalysis
Elevated Ketones

Elevated Leukocyte Esterase

Elevated Cr

Answer 15

Elevated Leukocyte Esterase

The presence of leukocyte esterase in urinalysis can indicate urinary tract infection. Elevated ketones may indicate the presence of diabetic ketoacidosis. Cr stands for creatinine, a waste product that should be present in urine.

Question 16

Question 11 of 11

Choose the classification for each type of renal dysfunction.

RAAS activation with kidney damage:

Increases Sodium And Water Retention

Sign That Kidney Transplant Is Imminent

Causes Hypotension

Answer 16

Increases Sodium And Water Retention

RAAS is the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. When this system is activated, sodium and water are retained by the kidneys to increase blood volume and blood pressure. This does indicate that kidney transplant is imminent.

Question 17

Question 1 of 5

Kidney failure may cause reduced vitamin ___________ synthesis, resulting in reduced _____________absorption.

D, calcium
E, calcium
A, calcium
D, potassium

Answer 17

D, calcium

Question 18

Question 2 of 5

Which type of infection most commonly causes damage to the kidneys?

Neisserial
Clostridial
Streptococcal
Staphylococcal

Answer 18

Streptococcal

Question 19

Question 3 of 5

Which of the following is a cause of prerenal failure?

Nephrotoxic medications
Streptococcal infection
Decreased perfusion
Ureter obstruction

Answer 19

Decreased perfusion

Question 20

Question 4 of 5

Which of the following are common signs of kidney dysfunction? Select all that apply.

Proteinuria
Decreased serum creatinine
Rash
Hematuria
Costovertebral angle pain

Answer 20

Proteinuria
Hematuria
Costovertebral angle pain

Question 21

Question 5 of 5

Which of the following are waste products that may elevate in the serum when the kidneys are failing? Select all that apply.

Glomerular filtration rate
Albumin
Creatinine
Leukocyte esterase
Blood urea nitrogen

Answer 21

Creatinine

Blood urea nitrogen