Immunodeficiency and HIV Flashcards
Question 1 of 8
John is a 34-year-old homosexual man diagnosed with HIV 2 years ago. He has come to your office for a follow-up appointment and has several concerns he would like addressed.
Before his current appointment, you requested John have blood drawn to assess how the current regimen of medications has been working. What factors are you checking? Select all that apply. HIV viral load HIV antibody levels Antibodies for CD4 cells CD4 number CD4:CD8 ratio
HIV viral load
HIV antibody levels
CD4 number
CD4:CD8 ratio
Correct.
HIV viral load measures how much virus is in the blood. HIV antibodies are produced by the body in response to infection with HIV. CD4 cells are infected by the HIV virus, so their level is assessed, along with CD8 cells. With HIV destruction of CD4 cells, the CD4:CD8 ratio often inverts. Antibodies are not produced against CD4 cells.
Question 2 of 8
John states he heard somewhere that some individuals cannot get the HIV infection. What would you tell him as the clinician?
John has been misinformed. HIV infects everyone.
No one is resistant to HIV, but some people get the virus and are able to overcome the infection, similar to someone “beating” a flu infection.
Some individuals lack a receptor, CCR5, which prevents HIV from infecting their CD4 cells. These people are known as “HIV resistors.”
John is correct that some individuals can’t get the HIV infection. In fact, though, the majority of people are resistant to HIV and most people exposed to HIV do not become infected.
Some individuals lack a receptor, CCR5, which prevents HIV from infecting their CD4 cells. These people are known as “HIV resistors.”
Some people are resistant to the HIV virus, as they lack the CCR5 receptor on their CD4 cells that enables the virus to bind to and infect CD4 cells. If infected, people do not overcome an HIV infection as they would the flu. The majority of people are not resistant to HIV.
Question 3 of 8
One of John’s reasons for visiting the clinic today is that he has begun dating someone who is HIV negative. He and his partner are interested in learning more about pre-exposure prophylactic mediations. Which medication is John asking about? DRMDs PIs Fusion inhibitors PrEP
PrEP
Correct.
PrEP is pre-exposure prophylaxis antiretroviral medication.
Question 4 of 8
If John’s partner were to be interested in pre-exposure medication, what is the means by which this medicine is taken? Daily injections Patch Daily pill Once per month intravenously
Daily pill
PrEP, pre-exposure prophylaxis, is a single combination pill taken daily.
Question 5 of 8
You want to speak to John about behaviors that may increase the risk of transmission of HIV to others. Which of the following are behaviors that increase the risk of transmission of HIV? Select all that apply.
Male-to-male sex Intravenous (IV) drug use with needle sharing Unprotected sexual activity Anal intercourse Skin-to-skin contact
Male-to-male sex
Intravenous (IV) drug use with needle sharing
Unprotected sexual activity
Anal intercourse
All the behaviors listed increase an individual’s risk for HIV infection.
John wants to know how long after unprotected sex someone needs to wait before being sure he has not been infected with HIV. What is the normal time frame for seroconversion for HIV? Immediately—within 15 minutes Within 24 hours 3 to 5 days 2 weeks to 6 months
2 weeks to 6 months
Seroconversion refers to the appearance of antibodies in the blood to HIV infection. Before the appearance of antibodies, the individual is considered seronegative. After antibodies form, the person is considered seropositive. In HIV, seroconversion typically occurs between 2 weeks and 6 months.
Question 7 of 8
The main reason John has come to the clinic today is he is fearful he may have AIDS. What criteria make the diagnosis of AIDS?
John’s ELISA test was positive for HIV antibodies.
John’s CD4 values are 650 cells per microliter.
John has not presented with Pneumocystis pneumonia.
None of these answers indicate John has AIDS.
None of these answers indicate John has AIDS.
A positive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for HIV antibodies indicates HIV infection, not the development of AIDS. CD4 levels of less than 200 cells per microliter indicate AIDS. Pneumocystis pneumonia is an opportunistic infection common in individuals with AIDS.
Question 8 of 8
John is wondering which diseases he may get if he does have AIDS. Which of the following are opportunistic infections associated with AIDS? Select all that apply. Toxoplasmosis Pneumocystis pneumonia Tuberculosis Herpes simplex virus Epstein-Barr virus
Toxoplasmosis
Pneumocystis pneumonia
Tuberculosis
Toxoplasmosis, Pneumocystis pneumonia, and tuberculosis are all diseases that may present in those with compromised immune systems. Herpes simplex virus and Epstein-Barr virus are common infections in the general population and are not necessarily associated with a compromised immune system.
Question 2 of 8
John is a 34-year-old homosexual man diagnosed with HIV 2 years ago. He has come to your office for a follow-up appointment and has several concerns he would like addressed.
Before his current appointment, you requested John have blood drawn to assess how the current regimen of medications has been working. What factors are you checking? Select all that apply. HIV viral load HIV antibody levels Antibodies for CD4 cells CD4 number CD4:CD8 ratio
HIV viral load
HIV antibody levels
CD4 number
CD4:CD8 ratio
Question 1 of 5
Primary immunodeficiencies are_____________.
present at birth.
followed by secondary immunodeficiencies.
also known as “acquired.”
associated with mild signs and symptoms.
present at birth.
Question 2 of 5
Which symptom is commonly observed in infants with severe combined immunodeficiency disease?
Prolonged bleeding
Peripheral neuritis
Susceptibility to infection
Leukocytosis
Susceptibility to infection
Question 4 of 5
Which is the most common primary immunodeficiency?
DiGeorge syndrome
Human immunodeficiency virus infection
IgA deficiency
Hypogammaglobulinemia
IgA deficiency
Question 3 of 5
Severe combined immunodeficiency ________________.
affects both B and T cells
is due to a poorly developed thymus
affects T cells only
affects B cells only
affects both B and T cells
Question 5 of 5
Which cell type does the human immunodeficiency virus infect?
Neutrophils
CD8 cells
CD4 cells
B cells
CD4 cells
Severe life threatening type 1 hypersensitivity response causing bronchospasm?
Anaphylactic shock
