Q3 - BESR Flashcards
Business is a part of human society. It plays its roles in the complex web of interactions inside the society. Its functions and ways must be governed with a high task of ethics & morality.
ETHICS & BUSINESS
Business without ethics threatens the society’s stability, growth, & progress. In some cases, it destroys relationships of people. The study of ethics gives as an impression of what is right & what is wrong; what is acceptable & what is not.
Ethics & Business
It is the branch of study dealing with what is the proper course of action for man;
ETHICS
Answers the question, “What do I do?”
ETHICS
Is the study of right & wrong in human endeavors;
ETHICS
Is the method by which we categorize our values & pursue them;
ETHICS
Is man’s means of deciding on the course of action to take;
ETHICS
TAKE NOTE: WITHOUT ETHICS
Without Ethics, our actions would be random & aimless. It is the practical science of the MORALITY OF HUMAN ACTS.
These are actions that proceed from the deliberate free will of man. Therefore, these actions are done with the knowledge & consent, & is willfully carried out by the person (Roa, 2011).
HUMAN ACTS
“Human Acts” are determined by the following characteristics:
- Free & Voluntary acts of man
- Done with Knowledge & Consent
- Proper to man being a Rational being
- Done consciously & entails responsibility
These are actions that naturally exhibited by man & are morally indifferent (neutral) because these actions cannot be judged to be ethical or unethical (Roa, 2011).
ACTS OF MAN
Acts of man are divided into two (2) categories:
- Natural Involuntary Acts
- Natural Voluntary Acts
Acts of Man
These are actions of man that are performed involuntarily (e.g., metabolism, heart beating, breathing).
Natural Involuntary Acts
Acts of Man
These are actions that are within the control of man’s will for some period of time (e.g., sleeping, walking, running).
Natural Voluntary Acts
The quality of goodness or badness of a human act.
Morality
This refers to an individual’s own principles regarding right & wrong. These are Principles or habits with respect of right or wrong conduct. These are also the prescribed dos & don’ts, morality is ultimately a personal compass of right & wrong.
Morals
Human Actions in Relation to Reason (3):
- Good Acts
- Evil Acts
- Indifferent/Neutral Acts
Human Actions in Relation to Reason
Are those actions done by the man in harmony with right reason.
Good Acts
Human Actions in Relation to Reason
Are those actions done by man in contradiction to the dictates of right reason.
Evil Acts
Human Actions in Relation to Reason
are acts that are neither good nor evil.
Indifferent/Neutral Acts
Factors of Morality (2):
- Society
- Culture
Factors of Morality
This is mainly concerned with how people are within a community is brought up in that community. Society differs not just by demographics but also by the differences of the families & people living in them. People who live in urban places differ greatly to the practices, values, & way of doing things to people who are born & raised in rural areas.
Society
Factors of Morality
Cultural differences in the Philippines contribute to how they perceive whether an act is acceptable or not. What may be acceptable to Caviteños may not be acceptable to Lagunenses. This also creates barriers in terms of communication & ultimately understanding.
Culture
Culture
Plays a key role in morality for they are also covered on
whether which words are acceptable & which are not.
Language
Norms of Morality
Conscience
It is defined as the practical judgment of reason deciding upon an individual act as good & is to be followed or as evil & be avoided. This is considered by traditional ethics as the proximate norm of morality.
Conscience
Types of Conscience (7):
- Antecedent Conscience
- Consequent Conscience
- True Conscience
- Erroneous Conscience
- Doubtful Conscience
- Scrupulous Conscience
- Lax Conscience
Types of Conscience
This happens when a judgment is made before an action is done.
Antecedent Conscience
Types of Conscience
This happens when a judgment is made after an action has been made.
Consequent Conscience
Types of Conscience
Concerns mainly of the strict following of rules. Actions are judged as they are disregarding circumstances.
True Conscience
Types of Conscience
Judges things in a distorted manner with the considering of morally unacceptable acts as good & vice versa.
Erroneous Conscience
Two (2) Types of Erroneous Conscience:
- Inculpable/Invincible, this means the agent (person rendering judgment) is without knowledge of fault;
-
Culpable/Vincible, this means the conscience is
wrong through the agent’s fault.
Types of Conscience
This happens when a person is uncertain about a moral judgment.
Doubtful Conscience
Types of Conscience
This type sees a wrong where there is none.
Scrupulous Conscience
Types of Conscience
This is the opposite of the scrupulous conscience.
Lax Conscience
Types of Conscience
It is the kind of conscience which fails to see the wrong where there is a wrong.
Lax Conscience
These deal with general rules about what kind of behavior is considered right or wrong, good or bad. They point to human qualities relating to how people live together in harmony & outline values that will provide benefit or harm to the larger group rather than an individual. When moral values derive from society & government they, of necessity, may change as the laws & morals of the society change.
MORAL STANDARDS
Sources of Moral Standards (3):
- Religion
- Culture
- One’s Own Life / SELF
These govern individual life, aspirations & desires & may decide a person’s place in his group. Some non-moral standards of any society could be the table manners, general etiquette, grammar & language, expectations, socially accepted measures of aesthetics, rules of games, clothing, etc.
NON-MORAL STANDARDS
This refer to conventional requirements as to social behavior. Proprieties of Conduct as established in any class or community or for any occasion. This is also being referred to as the code of ethical behavior regarding professional practice of action among the member of a profession in them dealings with each other.
ETIQUETTE
Factors that Affect Etiquette (3):
- Physical: External Appearance, Grace
- Psychological: Socialization/Upbringing
- Other Factors: Schooling, Peers, Social Life, Marital Life
This referred to as “crystallized Ethics”. Compared to Morality & Ethics, Law regulates man’s external behavior while Ethics & Morality examines the internal disposition of man with regards to his decsions.
LAW
These are written rules that encompass Personal, Organizational & Corporate standards of behavior expected of Professionals (Roa, 2011).
PROFESSIONAL CODES OF ETHICS
Professionals are Individuals Who Are (3):
- Capable of making judgment
- Capable of applying their skills
- Capable of reaching INFORMED decision
These Professional Codes of Conduct become the standards for professionals in different fields. Here are some examples:
- The Code of Ethics for Professional teachers
- Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
- Hippocratic Oath (For Medical Doctors)
The standards set by professional organizations like:
- The Integrated Bar of the Philippines
- Philippine Medical Association
- Philippine Dental Association
- Chamber of Customs Brokers, & others
Are rights inherent to all human beings, regardless of race, sex, nationality, ethnicity, language, religion, or any other status.
Human Rights
Include the right to life & liberty, freedom from slavery & torture, freedom of opinion & expression, the right to work & education, & many more. Everyone is entitled to these rights, without discrimination.
Human Rights
Are standards that allow all people to live with dignity, freedom, equality, justice, & peace. Every person has these rights simply because they are human beings. They are guaranteed to everyone without distinction of any kind, such as race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth, or other status. Human rights are essential to the full development of individuals & communities.
Human Rights
- Reflect the minimum standards necessary for people to live with dignity.
- Give people freedom to choose how they live, how they express themselves, & what kind of government they want to support, among many other things.
- Also guarantee people the means necessary to satisfy their basic needs, such as food, housing, & education, so they can take full advantage of all opportunities. Finally, by guaranteeing life, liberty, equality, & security, human rights protect people against abuse by those who are more powerful.
Human Rights
According to the United Nations, human rights: “Ensure that a ____ ____ will be able to fully develop & use ____ ____ such as ____, ____, & ____, & satisfy his or her ____ & other rights.”
human being
human qualities
intelligence, talent, & conscience
spiritual
Everyone has the right to ____________. This right shall include freedom to hold opinions & to receive & impart information & ideas without interference by public authority & regardless of frontiers. It is a fundamental human right. It also underpins most other rights & allows them to flourish. The right to speak your mind freely on important issues in society, access information & hold the powers that be to account, plays a vital role in the healthy development process of any society.
Freedom of Speech/Expression
“Freedom of Speech is Not a ________. It is a ____.”
License to abuse
responsibility
The ____________ is also heavily protected in various provisions of the Bill of Rights in the 1987 Philippine Constitution, namely: “Sec. 1. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of the laws.” Privacy is a fundamental right, essential to autonomy & the protection of human dignity, serving as the foundation upon which many other human rights are built. … Privacy helps us establish boundaries to limit who has access to our bodies, places & things, as well as our communications & our information.
Right to Privacy
Protects people’s right to live, speak, & act according to their beliefs peacefully & publicly. It protects their ability to be themselves at work, in class, & at social activities. Religious freedom is more than the “freedom to worship” at a synagogue, church, or mosque. Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience & religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief & freedom, either alone or in community with others & in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief, in worship, teaching practice & observance.
Freedom of Religion
The right to ________ & belief is enshrined & protected under Article ____ Section ____ of the ____ Philippine Constitution, which provides that: “No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. The free exercise & enjoyment of religious profession & worship, without discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed. No religious test shall be required for the exercise of civil or political rights.” The Constitution separation of church & state, to wit: “The separation of Church & State shall be in violable.
Freedom of Religion
Article 3 Section 5 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution
”Freedom of religion is one of the greatest ____ of God to man, without distinction of ____ & ____. He is the author & lord of _____, & no power on earth has a right to stand between God & the conscience.” –_____ _____
gifts
race & color
conscience
Philip Schaff
The right to education is a human right & indispensable for the exercise of other human rights. Quality education aims to ensure the development of fullyrounded human being. … For this human right to work there must be equality of opportunity, universal access, & enforceable & monitored quality standards. Education is a basic human right for all & is important for everyone to make the most of their lives. … Having an education helps people to access all of their other human rights. Education improves an individual’ s chances in life & helps to tackle poverty.
Right to Education
In the Philippines, there is ________ whereby states that the policy of the State to protect & promote the right of all citizens to quality basic education & to make such education accessible to all by providing all Filipino children a free & compulsory education in the elementary level & free education in the high school level.
Right to Education
R.A. 9155
“Education is the most powerful ____ which you can use to change the ____.” –____ ____
weapon
world
Nelson Mandela
Define the theoretical & legal ownership of resources & how they can be used. These resources can be both tangible or intangible & can be owned by individuals, businesses, & governments. This attribute has four broad components & is often referred to as a bundle of rights: the right to use the good. The right to earn income from the good. The right to transfer the good to others, alter it, abandon it, or destroy it (the right to ownership cessation).
Right to Property
Women’s rights are the fundamental human rights that were enshrined by the United Nations for every human being on the planet nearly 70 years ago. These rights include the right to live free from violence, slavery, & discrimination; to be educated; to own property; to vote; & to earn a fair & equal wage.
Women’s Rights
The State affirms women’s rights as human rights & shall intensify its efforts to fulfill its duties under international & domestic law to recognize, respect, protect, fulfill, & promote all human rights & fundamental freedoms of women, especially marginalized women, in the economic, social, political, cultural, & other fields without distinction or discrimination on account of class, age, sex, gender, language, ethnicity, religion, ideology, disability, education, & status.
R.A. 9710: Magna Carta of Women (Philippines)
Include the right to health, education, family life, play & recreation, an adequate standard of living & to be protected from abuse & harm. … Non-discrimination means that all children have the same right to develop their potential in all situations & at all times.
Children’s Rights
THE 12 RIGHTS OF FILIPINO CHILDREN
- Every child has the right to be born well.
- Every child has the right to a wholesome family life.
- Every child has the right to be raised well & become contributing
members of society. - Every child has the right to basic needs.
- Every child has the right to access what they need to have a
good life. - Every child has the right to education.
- Every child has the right to play & enjoy their youth.
- Every child has the right to be protected from danger.
- Every child has the right to live in a productive environment.
- Every child has the right to be cared for in the absence of their
parent or guardian. - Every child has the right to good governance.
- Every child has the right to freedom & peace.
Employees Rights (2):
Right to Free Consent
Right to Due Process
People have the right to be treated only as they knowingly & willingly consent to be treated.
RIGHT TO FREE CONSENT
The guarantee that a person has the right to the fair application of the law before they can be imprisoned, executed, or have their property seized. This concept is responsible for all the procedures that guarantee a fair trial no matter who you are.
RIGHT TO DUE PROCESS
These are actions that don’t conform to the acceptable standards of business operations or in an organization: (1) Individuals, (2) Groups ,& (3) The whole organization
Unethical Practices in the Workplace
Unethical Practices of Employers (6):
- Creating split in union leaders
- Bias
- CHild Labor
- Abuse
- Longer & inflexible working hours
- Dubious & disputed hiring practice
Unethical Practices of Employers
Employers should resolve conflicts not to
start one or create more.
Creating split in union leaders
Employers should avoid bias & practice fairness & give equal
opportunities for all.
Bias
Employers should avoid child labor for children should be studying not working.
Child Labor
Can be physical, psychological, & sexual in nature. Employers should practice professionalism first & foremost if they want their company to grow &improve. Employees should learn to say a strict ‘NO’ when their employees crossed the line of what is still considered as simple tap in the back to a touch of caress.
Abuse
Employers should follow regulations regarding extra hours of work & especially regarding breaks during working hours.
Longer & inflexible working hours
Employers should adapt hiring policies
that give equal opportunities of employment to all who are qualified.
Dubious & disputed hiring practice
Dubious & disputed hiring practice.
- Nepotism
- Over Reliance on Internal & External Referrals
