Q1 - GenBio2 🌱

Question 1

Is a kind of asexual reproduction where a new individual, known as the offspring is produced from a single parent. The offspring result from asexual reproduction is genetically identical with its parent.

Answer 1

Vegetative Reproduction

Question 2

Aside from buds, many economically important plants can be grown through the propagation of roots, stems, & even leaves. The kalanchoe, a medicinal plant, can reproduce through its leaves.

Answer 2

Vegetative Reproduction

Question 3

Is another type of asexual reproduction. Yeast, hydra, & sponges reproduce this way.

Answer 3

Budding

Question 4

Yeast, a microorganism used in baking reproduces by ________. In ________, a new individual may form as an outgrowth of the parent. The outgrowth separates from the parent & becomes a new individual.

Answer 4

Budding

Question 5

Is another type of asexual reproduction common among molds. Have you seen a piece of bread with mold growing on it? The black, round structure at the tip of a stalk is called a spore case which contains the spores. When the spore case opens, the tiny spores are released & may be carried by wind or water. Once the spore lands on a favorable environment, it develops into a new organism.

Answer 5

Spore Formation

Question 6

Involves two parents producing reproductive cells called gametes through meiosis. These gametes unite in a process called fertilization to form a zygote, which develops into a new organism. Different organisms, including microorganisms, plants & animals, have various method of sexual reproduction.

Answer 6

Sexual Reproduction

Question 7

In ________ ________, two cells combine to form a zygote, which develops a thick protective wall to survive unfavorable conditions. While the rest of the mold or plant may die, the zygote can develop into a new organism when conditions improve.

Answer 7

Sexual Reproduction

Question 8

Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

The ____ is the reproduction organ in flowering plants. ________ & ________ in seed plants are two different & separate events.

Answer 8

Flower
Pollination & Fertilization

Question 9

Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

________ brings together the gametes of a flower & it occurs when a pollen grain of the right kind lands on the stigma of the pistil. Each pollen forms a tube that grows down through the pistil & reaches the ovule in the ovary. One of the nuclei in the pollen tube unites with egg nucleus in the ovule to form a zygote. The other sperm nucleus combines with another bigger nucleus in the ovule which develops into the endosperm.

Answer 9

Pollination

Question 10

Sexual Reproduction in Humans & Animals

Humans (& all animals that reproduce sexually) have cells called ________.

Answer 10

gametes

Question 11

Sexual Reproduction in Humans & Animals

________ are formed during meiosis & come in the form of sperm (produced by males) or eggs (produced by females). When conditions are right, sperm & egg unite in a process known as fertilization. The resulting fertilized egg or zygote, contains genes from both parents.

Answer 11

Gametes

Question 12

Like animals, are multicellular eukaryotes with specialized organs, tissues, & cells.

Answer 12

Plants

Question 13

Vascular Plants have two (2) main organ systems:

Answer 13

The Shoot System
The Root System

Question 14

which includes stems, leaves, & reproductive parts like flowers & fruits, typically grows above ground & absorbs light for photosynthesis.

Answer 14

The Shoot System

Question 15

Usually found underground, supports the plant & absorbs water & minerals.

Answer 15

The Root System

Question 16

Are a key part of a plant’s shoot system, primarily providing support by holding leaves, flowers, & buds.

Answer 16

Stems

Question 17

They also serve as conduits, transporting water & minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant & sugars from the leaves to other parts.

Answer 17

Stems

Question 18

________ vary greatly in length & diameter & are usually above ground, though some, like potato stems, grow underground.

Answer 18

Stems

Question 19

Stems come in various forms depending on the plant type (4):

Answer 19

• Herbaceous stems (are soft & typically green)
• Woody stems (are hard & wooded)
• Unbranched stems (have a single stem)
• Branched stems (have divisions & side stems)

Question 20

________ ________, whether above or below ground, have nodes where leaves & flowers attach, & internodes, the regions between nodes. The shoot tip contains the apical meristem within the apical bud, & axillary buds, located between the leaf base & stem, can develop into branches or flowers.

Answer 20

Plant stems

Question 21

Roots in seed plants have three main functions (3):

Answer 21

• Anchoring the plant to the soil
• Absorbing & transporting water & minerals; &
• Storing products of photosynthesis

Question 22

While most ________ are underground, some are modified for moisture absorption & gas exchange, & others, called ________ ________, emerge above ground from the shoot

Answer 22

roots
adventitious roots

Question 23

Two (2) Types of Root Systems:

Answer 23

Tap Root System
Fibrous Root System

Question 24

Types of Root Systems

Have a main root that grows down vertically, & from which many smaller lateral roots arise.

Answer 24

Tap Root System

Question 25

Types of Root Systems

It penetrate deep into the soil & are advantageous for plants growing in dry soils.

Answer 25

Tap Root System

Question 26

Are typical of dicots such as dandelions.

Answer 26

Tap Root System

Question 27

Are located closer to the surface & have a dense network of roots.

Answer 27

Fibrous Root System

Question 28

Can help prevent soil erosion

Answer 28

Fibrous Root System

Question 29

Types of Root Systems

Are typical of monocots such as grasses.

Answer 29

Fibrous Root System

Question 30

Plant Tissues are Categorized into Two (2) Main Types:

Answer 30

• Meristematic Tissue
• Permanent Tissue / Non-meristematic Tissue

Question 31

Types of Plant Tissues

Is similar to stem cells in animals, consisting of undifferentiated cells that continuously divide & contribute to plant growth.

Answer 31

Meristematic Tissue

Question 32

Types of Plant Tissues

is made up of cells that have stopped dividing.

Answer 32

Permanent Tissue / Non-meristematic Tissue

Question 33

Produce cells that quickly differentiate into permanent tissue, taking on specific roles & losing the ability to divide further

Answer 33

Meristems

Question 34

Meristems

These differentiated cells from three (3) main tissue types:

Answer 34

• Dermal Tissue
• Ground Tissue
• Vascular Tissue

Question 35

In plants, it serves to cover & protect the plant, control gas exchange, & absorb water in the roots. In stems & leaves.

Answer 35

Dermal Tissue

Question 36

In stems & leaves, ________ ________ is covered by a waxy cuticle that prevents water loss, with stomata allowing gas exchange. The root epidermis lacks this cuticle to enable water absorption, & root hairs extend from epidermal cells to increase surface area for better absorption. Additionally, trichomes, small hair-like outgrowths on stems & leaves, help defend the plant against herbivores.

Answer 36

Dermal Tissue

Question 37

Meristems

In plants, it has various functions depending on cell type & location. It includes:

Answer 37

Ground Tissue:

• Parenchyma
• Collenchyma
• Sclerenchyma

Question 38

Meristems

In plants, it is responsible for transporting water, minerals, & sugars throughout the plant.

Answer 38

Vascular Tissue

Question 39

Vascular Tissue consists of two (2) specialized tissues:

Answer 39

• Xylem
• Phloem

Question 40

Vascular Tissue

Transports water & nutrients from the roots to the rest of the plant & also provides structural support.

Answer 40

Xylem

Question 41

Transports organic compounds, like sugars, from the site of photosynthesis to other parts of the plant.

Answer 41

Phloem

Question 42

Vascular Tissue

________ & ________ are always positioned next to each other in a structure called a vascular bundle.

Answer 42

Xylem & Phloem

Question 43

Animal Development

________ is the stage following cleavage, where the embryo undergoes significant reorganization into a multilayered structure.

Answer 43

Gastrulation

Question 44

Animal Development

During gastrulation, the ________ transforms into a ________.

Answer 44

blastula
gastrula

Question 45

Animal Development

These cells will develop into organs such as the heart, kidneys, bones, & muscles. They move into the blastula’s fluid

Answer 45

Mesoderm Cells

Question 46

Animal Development

These cells will form the gut, lungs, & other structures. They begin as an invagination into the blastula, deepen , & eventually form a gut & anus

Answer 46

Endoderm Cells

Question 47

Animal Development

The remaining cells stay on the outside & will later develop into the skin, brain, & nervous system.

Answer 47

Ectoderm Cells

Question 48

Gastrulation is a form of ________, the process through which the organism’s shape begins to take form.

Answer 48

Morphogenesis

Question 49

A cartilage rod that precedes the vertebral column, sends chemical signals to the nearby ectoderm. This activation triggers gene expression in the ectoderm, altering its growth pattern to form a neural plate. The neural plate deepens & folds at its ends, creating a neural tube. As development progresses, the tube enlarges at the head region to form the brain.

Answer 49

Notochord

Question 50

Is the fundamental process driving the diversity of life on Earth. Through evolutionary mechanisms, species adapt to their environments, leading to the vast array of forms & functions observed in the natural world. This report explores the principles of evolution & the origins of biodiversity, detailing the processes that contribute to the richness of life on our planet.

Answer 50

Evolution

Question 51

Is the primary mechanism of evolution, proposed by Charles Darwin & Alfred Russell Wallace.

Answer 51

Natural Selection

Question 52

It operates through the differential survival & reproduction of individuals based on their traits.

Answer 52

Natural Selection

Question 53

Natural Selection

Organisms with ________ ____ are more likely to survive & reproduce, passing these traits to the next generation. Over time, this process leads to adaptation to specific environments & can result in the emergence of new species.

Answer 53

advantageous traits

Question 54

Within a population, is essential for natural selection. Variation arise through mutations, gene recommendation during sexual reproduction, & another genetic processes. This diversity provides the raw material for evolutionary change & allows populations to adapt to changing environments.

Answer 54

Genetic Variation

Question 55

Refers to a random changes in allele frequencies within a population.

Answer 55

Genetic Drift

Question 56

This mechanism is particularly significant in a small populations, where chance events can lead to substantial changes in genetic makeup.

Answer 56

Genetic Drift

Question 57

____ ____can lead to the loss of genetic variation & affect evolutionary trajectories.

Answer 57

Genetic Drift

Question 58

____ ____or the exchange between populations, can introduce new genetic material into a population. It occurs through migration & interbreeding & can counteract the effects of genetic drift & promote genetic diversity.

Answer 58

Gene Flow

Question 59

Is the process by which new species arise. It often occurs through mechanisms such as geographic isolation (allopatric speciation), where population become separated & evolve independently or through reproductive isolation within a shared environment (sympatric speciation).

Answer 59

Speciation

Question 60

________ results in the divergence of lineages & contributes to biodiversity.

Answer 60

Speciation