Q1 - GenBio2 🌱 Flashcards
Is a kind of asexual reproduction where a new individual, known as the offspring is produced from a single parent. The offspring result from asexual reproduction is genetically identical with its parent.
Vegetative Reproduction
Aside from buds, many economically important plants can be grown through the propagation of roots, stems, & even leaves. The kalanchoe, a medicinal plant, can reproduce through its leaves.
Vegetative Reproduction
Is another type of asexual reproduction. Yeast, hydra, & sponges reproduce this way.
Budding
Yeast, a microorganism used in baking reproduces by ________. In ________, a new individual may form as an outgrowth of the parent. The outgrowth separates from the parent & becomes a new individual.
Budding
Is another type of asexual reproduction common among molds. Have you seen a piece of bread with mold growing on it? The black, round structure at the tip of a stalk is called a spore case which contains the spores. When the spore case opens, the tiny spores are released & may be carried by wind or water. Once the spore lands on a favorable environment, it develops into a new organism.
Spore Formation
Involves two parents producing reproductive cells called gametes through meiosis. These gametes unite in a process called fertilization to form a zygote, which develops into a new organism. Different organisms, including microorganisms, plants & animals, have various method of sexual reproduction.
Sexual Reproduction
In ________ ________, two cells combine to form a zygote, which develops a thick protective wall to survive unfavorable conditions. While the rest of the mold or plant may die, the zygote can develop into a new organism when conditions improve.
Sexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
The ____ is the reproduction organ in flowering plants. ________ & ________ in seed plants are two different & separate events.
Flower
Pollination & Fertilization
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
________ brings together the gametes of a flower & it occurs when a pollen grain of the right kind lands on the stigma of the pistil. Each pollen forms a tube that grows down through the pistil & reaches the ovule in the ovary. One of the nuclei in the pollen tube unites with egg nucleus in the ovule to form a zygote. The other sperm nucleus combines with another bigger nucleus in the ovule which develops into the endosperm.
Pollination
Sexual Reproduction in Humans & Animals
Humans (& all animals that reproduce sexually) have cells called ________.
gametes
Sexual Reproduction in Humans & Animals
________ are formed during meiosis & come in the form of sperm (produced by males) or eggs (produced by females). When conditions are right, sperm & egg unite in a process known as fertilization. The resulting fertilized egg or zygote, contains genes from both parents.
Gametes
Like animals, are multicellular eukaryotes with specialized organs, tissues, & cells.
Plants
Vascular Plants have two (2) main organ systems:
The Shoot System
The Root System
which includes stems, leaves, & reproductive parts like flowers & fruits, typically grows above ground & absorbs light for photosynthesis.
The Shoot System
Usually found underground, supports the plant & absorbs water & minerals.
The Root System
Are a key part of a plant’s shoot system, primarily providing support by holding leaves, flowers, & buds.
Stems
They also serve as conduits, transporting water & minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant & sugars from the leaves to other parts.
Stems
________ vary greatly in length & diameter & are usually above ground, though some, like potato stems, grow underground.
Stems
Stems come in various forms depending on the plant type (4):
- Herbaceous stems (are soft & typically green)
- Woody stems (are hard & wooded)
- Unbranched stems (have a single stem)
- Branched stems (have divisions & side stems)
________ ________, whether above or below ground, have nodes where leaves & flowers attach, & internodes, the regions between nodes. The shoot tip contains the apical meristem within the apical bud, & axillary buds, located between the leaf base & stem, can develop into branches or flowers.
Plant stems
Roots in seed plants have three main functions (3):
- Anchoring the plant to the soil
- Absorbing & transporting water & minerals; &
- Storing products of photosynthesis
While most ________ are underground, some are modified for moisture absorption & gas exchange, & others, called ________ ________, emerge above ground from the shoot
roots
adventitious roots
Two (2) Types of Root Systems:
Tap Root System
Fibrous Root System
Types of Root Systems
Have a main root that grows down vertically, & from which many smaller lateral roots arise.
Tap Root System
Types of Root Systems
It penetrate deep into the soil & are advantageous for plants growing in dry soils.
Tap Root System
Are typical of dicots such as dandelions.
Tap Root System
Are located closer to the surface & have a dense network of roots.
Fibrous Root System
Can help prevent soil erosion
Fibrous Root System
Types of Root Systems
Are typical of monocots such as grasses.
Fibrous Root System
Plant Tissues are Categorized into Two (2) Main Types:
- Meristematic Tissue
- Permanent Tissue / Non-meristematic Tissue
Types of Plant Tissues
Is similar to stem cells in animals, consisting of undifferentiated cells that continuously divide & contribute to plant growth.
Meristematic Tissue
Types of Plant Tissues
is made up of cells that have stopped dividing.
Permanent Tissue / Non-meristematic Tissue
Produce cells that quickly differentiate into permanent tissue, taking on specific roles & losing the ability to divide further
Meristems
Meristems
These differentiated cells from three (3) main tissue types:
- Dermal Tissue
- Ground Tissue
- Vascular Tissue
In plants, it serves to cover & protect the plant, control gas exchange, & absorb water in the roots. In stems & leaves.
Dermal Tissue
In stems & leaves, ________ ________ is covered by a waxy cuticle that prevents water loss, with stomata allowing gas exchange. The root epidermis lacks this cuticle to enable water absorption, & root hairs extend from epidermal cells to increase surface area for better absorption. Additionally, trichomes, small hair-like outgrowths on stems & leaves, help defend the plant against herbivores.
Dermal Tissue
Meristems
In plants, it has various functions depending on cell type & location. It includes:
Ground Tissue:
- Parenchyma
- Collenchyma
- Sclerenchyma
Meristems
In plants, it is responsible for transporting water, minerals, & sugars throughout the plant.
Vascular Tissue
Vascular Tissue consists of two (2) specialized tissues:
- Xylem
- Phloem
Vascular Tissue
Transports water & nutrients from the roots to the rest of the plant & also provides structural support.
Xylem
Transports organic compounds, like sugars, from the site of photosynthesis to other parts of the plant.
Phloem
Vascular Tissue
________ & ________ are always positioned next to each other in a structure called a vascular bundle.
Xylem & Phloem
Animal Development
________ is the stage following cleavage, where the embryo undergoes significant reorganization into a multilayered structure.
Gastrulation
Animal Development
During gastrulation, the ________ transforms into a ________.
blastula
gastrula
Animal Development
These cells will develop into organs such as the heart, kidneys, bones, & muscles. They move into the blastula’s fluid
Mesoderm Cells
Animal Development
These cells will form the gut, lungs, & other structures. They begin as an invagination into the blastula, deepen , & eventually form a gut & anus
Endoderm Cells
Animal Development
The remaining cells stay on the outside & will later develop into the skin, brain, & nervous system.
Ectoderm Cells
Gastrulation is a form of ________, the process through which the organism’s shape begins to take form.
Morphogenesis
A cartilage rod that precedes the vertebral column, sends chemical signals to the nearby ectoderm. This activation triggers gene expression in the ectoderm, altering its growth pattern to form a neural plate. The neural plate deepens & folds at its ends, creating a neural tube. As development progresses, the tube enlarges at the head region to form the brain.
Notochord
Is the fundamental process driving the diversity of life on Earth. Through evolutionary mechanisms, species adapt to their environments, leading to the vast array of forms & functions observed in the natural world. This report explores the principles of evolution & the origins of biodiversity, detailing the processes that contribute to the richness of life on our planet.
Evolution
Is the primary mechanism of evolution, proposed by Charles Darwin & Alfred Russell Wallace.
Natural Selection
It operates through the differential survival & reproduction of individuals based on their traits.
Natural Selection
Natural Selection
Organisms with ________ ____ are more likely to survive & reproduce, passing these traits to the next generation. Over time, this process leads to adaptation to specific environments & can result in the emergence of new species.
advantageous traits
Within a population, is essential for natural selection. Variation arise through mutations, gene recommendation during sexual reproduction, & another genetic processes. This diversity provides the raw material for evolutionary change & allows populations to adapt to changing environments.
Genetic Variation
Refers to a random changes in allele frequencies within a population.
Genetic Drift
This mechanism is particularly significant in a small populations, where chance events can lead to substantial changes in genetic makeup.
Genetic Drift
____ ____can lead to the loss of genetic variation & affect evolutionary trajectories.
Genetic Drift
____ ____or the exchange between populations, can introduce new genetic material into a population. It occurs through migration & interbreeding & can counteract the effects of genetic drift & promote genetic diversity.
Gene Flow
Is the process by which new species arise. It often occurs through mechanisms such as geographic isolation (allopatric speciation), where population become separated & evolve independently or through reproductive isolation within a shared environment (sympatric speciation).
Speciation
________ results in the divergence of lineages & contributes to biodiversity.
Speciation
