Psychology Unit 9 Flashcards
1
Q
Social psychologists focus on the
A
situation
2
Q
Social Psychology
A
The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
3
Q
The study of social influences explains why
A
the same person acts differently in different situations
4
Q
Who proposed attribution theory
A
Fritz Heider
5
Q
Attribution Theory
A
The theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition
6
Q
Situational attribution vs. Dispositional Attribution
A
Disposition: Attribute to a person’s stable traits
Situational: Attribute to the situation
7
Q
Fundamental Attribution Error
A
The tendency for observers, when analyzing others’ behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition
8
Q
Summary of FAE
A
Overestimate: influence of personality
Underestimate: influence of the situation
9
Q
What factors affect our attributions?
A
- Culture: individualist nations attribute behavior more to traits. East Asian cultures are sensitive to situation.
10
Q
Self-serving bias in FAE
A
We are sensitive to when the situation influenced our own bad behavior
11
Q
We most often commit FAE when
A
Strangers act badly
12
Q
Two important exceptions to our view on our actions
A
- We attribute our deliberate admirable actions to our good reason and not the situation
- As we age, we tend to attribute our younger selves’ behavior to mostly our traits
13
Q
Those who reflect on the power of choice are more likely to think
A
that people get what they deserve
14
Q
Attitude
A
Feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
15
Q
Attitudes affect our actions but actions do not affect our attitudes (T/F)
A
F, Two-way road
16
Q
What can override attitude-action connections?
A
Strong peer pressure (ex. Republicans publicly supporting trump)
17
Q
The Elaboration Likelihood Model
A
Suggest that efforts to persuade generally take to forms:
1. Peripheral Route Persuasion
2. Central Route Persuasion
18
Q
Peripheral Route Persuasion
A
Occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness
19
Q
Central Route Persuasion
A
Occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts
20
Q
Example of peripheral route persuasion
A
Hot model endorsing a lipstick
21
Q
Example of central route persuasion
A
Fact that tanning leads to skin cancer
22
Q
Foot-In-The-Door Phenomenon
A
The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
23
Q
How does the foot-in-the-door phenomenon work?
A
People are less likely to say no after they have already said yes once to you
Cognitive dissonance
24
Q
Role
A
A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave
25
Philip Zimbardo
Conducted the Stanford Prison Experiment
26
Conclusion of Stanford Prison Experiment
The longer to conform to a role, the more real and true to yourself it becomes
27
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when we become aware that our attitudes and our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes
28
Who made the cognitive dissonance theory
Leon Festinger
29
Core of attitudes-follow-behavior principle
We cannot directly control all our feelings, but we can influence them by altering our behavior
30
Norms
Understood rules for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe "proper" behavior
31
Chameleon Effect
Unconscious mimicking of noticed behavior by other people (yawning, looking up at the sky, etc.)
32
Mood Contagion
The chameleon effect for mimicking emotional tones
33
Mood linkage
The sharing of moods
34
Positive herding
Positive ratings generate more positive ratings
35
Conformity
Adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
36
Solomon Asch
Devised the Solomon Asch experiment
37
Solomon Asch conclusion
More than one-third of the time, the smart college students were willing to call the wrong answer succumbing to everyone's previous answer
38
We are more likely to conform under these seven conditions
1. Made to feel incompetent or insecure
2. Are in a group with at least three people
3. Are in a group where everyone else agrees (if just one other person disagrees, the odds of our disagreeing greatly increase)
4. admire the groups status and attractiveness
5. have not made a prior commitment to any response
6. Know that others in the group will observe our behavior
7. Are from a culture that strongly encourages respect for social standards
39
Normative social influence
Influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
40
Informational social influence
Influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality
41
Stanley Milgram
Conducted the Yale shock experiment
42
Stanley Milgram Findings
More than 60 percent complied all the way in the shock experiment
43
Milgram's finding found that obedience is highest in these four conditions
1. The person giving orders was close by and seems legitimate as authority
2. The authority figure was supported by a powerful or prestigious institution
3. The victim was depersonalized or at a distance, even in another room
4. There were no role models for defiance
44
Social control vs. personal control
Social: The power of the situation
Personal: the power of the individual
45
Social psychology vs. Sociology
Social psychology: Explores situations and its effect on people
Sociology: Groups interacting with groups
46
Attitude is NOT knowledge because
knowledge is a TRUE belief
47
How do you change an attitude?
- Change the default reaction
- Change the belief about the stimulus
48
Looking Glass Effect
When we are aware of attitudes we let them guide us, and therefore do it more.
"Oh he said I'm loud so I guess I really am loud"
49
The looking glass effect helps us:
If you like someone's behavior point it out. If you don't, don't! "You're so mean" will not help
50
What is NOT cognitive dissonance
Simply holding two mutually exclusive beliefs
51
Ways people are predictable and unpredictable
Predictable: groups
Unpredictable: individuals
52
Automatic mimicry
Behavior is contagious and trained (evolutionary)
53
Every human has a mode to ___________ as unique as a fingerprint
communication
(we tend to imitate those who we interacts most with)
54
Mirror neurons enable
The chameleon effect
55
Conformity vs. Obedience
Conformity: You make a choice
Obedience: Simply following orders
56
Minority Influence
The power of one or two individuals to sway majorities
57
Social Facilitation
Improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others
58
Why does social facilitation only work with simple tasks?
Around others, our arousal goes up. Refer back to the arousal theory of motivation
59
What you do well, you are more likely to do better
in front of an audience
60
Social Loafing
The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
61
What causes social loading? Four things
1. Feel less accountable and therefore worry less about what others think
2. View their individual contributions as dispensable
3. overestimate their own contributions, downplaying others actions
4. slack off if they share equal benefits
62
Deindividuation
The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
63
Group Polarization
The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group
64
Our world is becoming more polarized (T/F)
True
65
When can group polarization have a beneficial and negative effect? give through an example
Talking about racial issues increased prejudice in high-prejudiced groups and decreased prejudice in low-prejudiced groups
66
What role does the internet play in group polarization?
The internet connects like-minded people and strengthen their ideas
67
Groupthink
The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
68
When is groupthink prevented?
When a leader welcomes various opinions, invites experts' critiques of developing plans and assigns people to identify possible problems
69
Culture
The enduring behaviors, ideas, attributes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
70
Culture enables two things
1. Preservation of innovation
2. Division of labor
71
Prejudice
An unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action
72
Three parts that make up prejudice
1. Negative emotions (hostility, fear)
2. Stereotypes
3. A predisposition to discriminate
73
Stereotype
A generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people
74
Discrimination
Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members
75
Microaggressions
Subtle forms of discrimination
76
Prejudice is a _________ but discrimination is a __________
negative attitude, negative behavior
77
Ethnocentrism
Assuming the superiority of one's ethnic group
78
How do psychologists study implicit prejudice?
1. Testing for unconscious group associations
2. Considering unconscious patronization
3. Monitoring reflexive bodily responses
79
Just-world Phenomenon
The tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get
80
Blame-the-victim dynamic
Victims reactions of discrimination may be self-blame or anger which feed others' prejudice
81
Ingroup
"us"-people with whom we share a common identity
82
Outgroup
"them"-those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup
83
Ingroup bias
The tendency to favor our own group
84
Scapegoat Theory
The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
85
Evidence for scapegoat theory (two)
1. Economically frustrated people tend to express heightened prejudice
2. Experiments that create temporary frustration intensify prejudice
86
Schadenfreude
The secret joy that we sometimes take in another's failure
87
Outgroup homogeneity
Uniformity of outgroup attitudes, personality, and appearance
88
Other-race effect
The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias.
89
Availability heuristic
the tendency to estimate the frequency of an event by how readily it comes to mind
90
Hindsight Bias amplifies
victim blaming
91
Aggression
Any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally
92
Genetic influences in aggression
- Genes influence aggression (twin studies, breeding for aggression)
- Y chromosome
- monoamide oxidase (MAOA) gene
93
People who have low MAOA gene expression tend to behave
aggressively when provoked
94
Neural influences to aggression
- Brain areas associated with anger
- Amygdala
- Diminished activity in the frontal lobe (controls impulses)
95
Biochemical influences to aggression
- Testosterone promotes aggression
- Facial width is testosterone linked. A higher width-to-heigh ratio is a predictor of male aggressiveness and prejudicial attitudes
- Alcohol unleashes aggressive responses to frustration
96
Frustration-aggression principle
The principle that frustration-the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- grates anger, which can generate aggression
97
Children whose aggression has successfully intimidated other children
are more likely to become bullies
98
Social scripts
A culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations
99
Psychological influences on aggression
- Dominating behavior (boosts of testosterone
- Believe that alcohol has been ingested (even if not)
- Frustration
- Aggressive role models and rewards for aggressive behavior
- Low self control
100
Social-cultural influences on aggression
- Deindividuation
- Minimal father involvement
- Rejection from a group
- Exposure to violent media
101
Proximity
Geographic nearness
102
_______ is a friendship's most powerful predictor
Proximity
103
Mere exposure effect
The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
104
How did evolution favor the mere exposure effect
What was familiar was generally safe and what was not was often dangerous
105
Studies on mere exposure effect
- Babies prefer their own race
- People trusted faces that had their own facial features
106
As compared to irl relationships, online ones are slightly more likely to .......... why?
last and be satisfying. People disclosed more
107
Gay couples are less likely to have met online than straight couples (T/F)
False
108
Inferences about first-impressions that speed dating showed
1. People who fear rejection often elicit rejection
2. Given more options, people make more superficial choices
3. Men wish for future contact with more of their speed dates than women
109
Men are more likely to say looks don't matter (T/F)
False, women
110
Benefits of physical attractiveness
More job and social success (perceived as better people)
111
Cons of physical attractiveness
- Does not influence self esteem and happiness
- More suspicious of praise being sincere
- Looks matter less as people spend more time with each other
112
While beauty standards vary with culture (time and place) , they almost always indicate
"Ideal health"
113
High rated attractive people were lowered in score after
They were perceived as unlikeable
114
Reward theory of attraction
We will like those whose behavior is rewarding to us (includes physical appearance)
115
Passionate Love
An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a romantic relationship
116
How two-factor theory of emotion influences passionate love
An aroused physical state can arouse a mental state
117
Companionate love
The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
118
Although other hormones decrease with companionate love (testosterone, dopamine, adrenaline) _________ remains
oxytocin
119
Equity
A condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it
120
Self-disclosure
The act of revealing intimate aspects of ourselves to others
121
Two important parts of a strong companionate love
Equity and self-disclosure
122
Altruism
Unselfish regard for the welfare of others
123
Conditions for people to display altruism
1. Notice the incident
2. Interpret as emergency
3. Assume responsibility
124
Diffusion of responsibilities
The greater the number of bystanders, the less likely someone will step in to help
125
Bystander Effect
The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
126
The odds of helping someone in need are when (9 things)
1. The person appears to need and deserve help
2. The person is in some way similar to us
3. Woman
4. Just observed someone else being helpful
5. Not in a hurry
6. In a small town or rural area
7. Feel guilty
8. Not preoccupied and observant
9. In a good mood
127
Social exchange theory
The theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs
128
Reciprocity norm
An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them
129
Social-responsibility norm
An expectation that people will help those needing their help
130
Conflict
A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas
131
Social trap
A situation in which the conflicting parties, by each pursuing their self-interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior
132
