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ASD Senior Year > Psychology Unit 9 > Flashcards

Psychology Unit 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Social psychologists focus on the

A

situation

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2
Q

Social Psychology

A

The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

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3
Q

The study of social influences explains why

A

the same person acts differently in different situations

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4
Q

Who proposed attribution theory

A

Fritz Heider

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5
Q

Attribution Theory

A

The theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition

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6
Q

Situational attribution vs. Dispositional Attribution

A

Disposition: Attribute to a person’s stable traits
Situational: Attribute to the situation

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7
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

The tendency for observers, when analyzing others’ behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

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8
Q

Summary of FAE

A

Overestimate: influence of personality
Underestimate: influence of the situation

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9
Q

What factors affect our attributions?

A
  • Culture: individualist nations attribute behavior more to traits. East Asian cultures are sensitive to situation.
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10
Q

Self-serving bias in FAE

A

We are sensitive to when the situation influenced our own bad behavior

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11
Q

We most often commit FAE when

A

Strangers act badly

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12
Q

Two important exceptions to our view on our actions

A
  1. We attribute our deliberate admirable actions to our good reason and not the situation
  2. As we age, we tend to attribute our younger selves’ behavior to mostly our traits
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13
Q

Those who reflect on the power of choice are more likely to think

A

that people get what they deserve

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14
Q

Attitude

A

Feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events

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15
Q

Attitudes affect our actions but actions do not affect our attitudes (T/F)

A

F, Two-way road

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16
Q

What can override attitude-action connections?

A

Strong peer pressure (ex. Republicans publicly supporting trump)

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17
Q

The Elaboration Likelihood Model

A

Suggest that efforts to persuade generally take to forms:
1. Peripheral Route Persuasion
2. Central Route Persuasion

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18
Q

Peripheral Route Persuasion

A

Occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness

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19
Q

Central Route Persuasion

A

Occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts

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20
Q

Example of peripheral route persuasion

A

Hot model endorsing a lipstick

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21
Q

Example of central route persuasion

A

Fact that tanning leads to skin cancer

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22
Q

Foot-In-The-Door Phenomenon

A

The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

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23
Q

How does the foot-in-the-door phenomenon work?

A

People are less likely to say no after they have already said yes once to you
Cognitive dissonance

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24
Q

Role

A

A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

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25
Q

Philip Zimbardo

A

Conducted the Stanford Prison Experiment

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26
Q

Conclusion of Stanford Prison Experiment

A

The longer to conform to a role, the more real and true to yourself it becomes

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27
Q

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

A

The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when we become aware that our attitudes and our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes

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28
Q

Who made the cognitive dissonance theory

A

Leon Festinger

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29
Q

Core of attitudes-follow-behavior principle

A

We cannot directly control all our feelings, but we can influence them by altering our behavior

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30
Q

Norms

A

Understood rules for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe “proper” behavior

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31
Q

Chameleon Effect

A

Unconscious mimicking of noticed behavior by other people (yawning, looking up at the sky, etc.)

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32
Q

Mood Contagion

A

The chameleon effect for mimicking emotional tones

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33
Q

Mood linkage

A

The sharing of moods

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34
Q

Positive herding

A

Positive ratings generate more positive ratings

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35
Q

Conformity

A

Adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

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36
Q

Solomon Asch

A

Devised the Solomon Asch experiment

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37
Q

Solomon Asch conclusion

A

More than one-third of the time, the smart college students were willing to call the wrong answer succumbing to everyone’s previous answer

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38
Q

We are more likely to conform under these seven conditions

A
  1. Made to feel incompetent or insecure
  2. Are in a group with at least three people
  3. Are in a group where everyone else agrees (if just one other person disagrees, the odds of our disagreeing greatly increase)
  4. admire the groups status and attractiveness
  5. have not made a prior commitment to any response
  6. Know that others in the group will observe our behavior
  7. Are from a culture that strongly encourages respect for social standards
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39
Q

Normative social influence

A

Influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

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40
Q

Informational social influence

A

Influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality

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41
Q

Stanley Milgram

A

Conducted the Yale shock experiment

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42
Q

Stanley Milgram Findings

A

More than 60 percent complied all the way in the shock experiment

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43
Q

Milgram’s finding found that obedience is highest in these four conditions

A
  1. The person giving orders was close by and seems legitimate as authority
  2. The authority figure was supported by a powerful or prestigious institution
  3. The victim was depersonalized or at a distance, even in another room
  4. There were no role models for defiance
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44
Q

Social control vs. personal control

A

Social: The power of the situation
Personal: the power of the individual

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45
Q

Social psychology vs. Sociology

A

Social psychology: Explores situations and its effect on people
Sociology: Groups interacting with groups

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46
Q

Attitude is NOT knowledge because

A

knowledge is a TRUE belief

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47
Q

How do you change an attitude?

A
  • Change the default reaction
  • Change the belief about the stimulus
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48
Q

Looking Glass Effect

A

When we are aware of attitudes we let them guide us, and therefore do it more.

“Oh he said I’m loud so I guess I really am loud”

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49
Q

The looking glass effect helps us:

A

If you like someone’s behavior point it out. If you don’t, don’t! “You’re so mean” will not help

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50
Q

What is NOT cognitive dissonance

A

Simply holding two mutually exclusive beliefs

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51
Q

Ways people are predictable and unpredictable

A

Predictable: groups
Unpredictable: individuals

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52
Q

Automatic mimicry

A

Behavior is contagious and trained (evolutionary)

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53
Q

Every human has a mode to ___________ as unique as a fingerprint

A

communication

(we tend to imitate those who we interacts most with)

54
Q

Mirror neurons enable

A

The chameleon effect

55
Q

Conformity vs. Obedience

A

Conformity: You make a choice
Obedience: Simply following orders

56
Q

Minority Influence

A

The power of one or two individuals to sway majorities

57
Q

Social Facilitation

A

Improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others

58
Q

Why does social facilitation only work with simple tasks?

A

Around others, our arousal goes up. Refer back to the arousal theory of motivation

59
Q

What you do well, you are more likely to do better

A

in front of an audience

60
Q

Social Loafing

A

The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

61
Q

What causes social loading? Four things

A
  1. Feel less accountable and therefore worry less about what others think
  2. View their individual contributions as dispensable
  3. overestimate their own contributions, downplaying others actions
  4. slack off if they share equal benefits
62
Q

Deindividuation

A

The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

63
Q

Group Polarization

A

The enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group

64
Q

Our world is becoming more polarized (T/F)

A

True

65
Q

When can group polarization have a beneficial and negative effect? give through an example

A

Talking about racial issues increased prejudice in high-prejudiced groups and decreased prejudice in low-prejudiced groups

66
Q

What role does the internet play in group polarization?

A

The internet connects like-minded people and strengthen their ideas

67
Q

Groupthink

A

The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

68
Q

When is groupthink prevented?

A

When a leader welcomes various opinions, invites experts’ critiques of developing plans and assigns people to identify possible problems

69
Q

Culture

A

The enduring behaviors, ideas, attributes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

70
Q

Culture enables two things

A
  1. Preservation of innovation
  2. Division of labor
71
Q

Prejudice

A

An unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action

72
Q

Three parts that make up prejudice

A
  1. Negative emotions (hostility, fear)
  2. Stereotypes
  3. A predisposition to discriminate
73
Q

Stereotype

A

A generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people

74
Q

Discrimination

A

Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members

75
Q

Microaggressions

A

Subtle forms of discrimination

76
Q

Prejudice is a _________ but discrimination is a __________

A

negative attitude, negative behavior

77
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

Assuming the superiority of one’s ethnic group

78
Q

How do psychologists study implicit prejudice?

A
  1. Testing for unconscious group associations
  2. Considering unconscious patronization
  3. Monitoring reflexive bodily responses
79
Q

Just-world Phenomenon

A

The tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

80
Q

Blame-the-victim dynamic

A

Victims reactions of discrimination may be self-blame or anger which feed others’ prejudice

81
Q

Ingroup

A

“us”-people with whom we share a common identity

82
Q

Outgroup

A

“them”-those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup

83
Q

Ingroup bias

A

The tendency to favor our own group

84
Q

Scapegoat Theory

A

The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

85
Q

Evidence for scapegoat theory (two)

A
  1. Economically frustrated people tend to express heightened prejudice
  2. Experiments that create temporary frustration intensify prejudice
86
Q

Schadenfreude

A

The secret joy that we sometimes take in another’s failure

87
Q

Outgroup homogeneity

A

Uniformity of outgroup attitudes, personality, and appearance

88
Q

Other-race effect

A

The tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias.

89
Q

Availability heuristic

A

the tendency to estimate the frequency of an event by how readily it comes to mind

90
Q

Hindsight Bias amplifies

A

victim blaming

91
Q

Aggression

A

Any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally

92
Q

Genetic influences in aggression

A
  • Genes influence aggression (twin studies, breeding for aggression)
  • Y chromosome
  • monoamide oxidase (MAOA) gene
93
Q

People who have low MAOA gene expression tend to behave

A

aggressively when provoked

94
Q

Neural influences to aggression

A
  • Brain areas associated with anger
  • Amygdala
  • Diminished activity in the frontal lobe (controls impulses)
95
Q

Biochemical influences to aggression

A
  • Testosterone promotes aggression
  • Facial width is testosterone linked. A higher width-to-heigh ratio is a predictor of male aggressiveness and prejudicial attitudes
  • Alcohol unleashes aggressive responses to frustration
96
Q

Frustration-aggression principle

A

The principle that frustration-the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- grates anger, which can generate aggression

97
Q

Children whose aggression has successfully intimidated other children

A

are more likely to become bullies

98
Q

Social scripts

A

A culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations

99
Q

Psychological influences on aggression

A
  • Dominating behavior (boosts of testosterone
  • Believe that alcohol has been ingested (even if not)
  • Frustration
  • Aggressive role models and rewards for aggressive behavior
  • Low self control
100
Q

Social-cultural influences on aggression

A
  • Deindividuation
  • Minimal father involvement
  • Rejection from a group
  • Exposure to violent media
101
Q

Proximity

A

Geographic nearness

102
Q

_______ is a friendship’s most powerful predictor

A

Proximity

103
Q

Mere exposure effect

A

The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

104
Q

How did evolution favor the mere exposure effect

A

What was familiar was generally safe and what was not was often dangerous

105
Q

Studies on mere exposure effect

A
  • Babies prefer their own race
  • People trusted faces that had their own facial features
106
Q

As compared to irl relationships, online ones are slightly more likely to ………. why?

A

last and be satisfying. People disclosed more

107
Q

Gay couples are less likely to have met online than straight couples (T/F)

A

False

108
Q

Inferences about first-impressions that speed dating showed

A
  1. People who fear rejection often elicit rejection
  2. Given more options, people make more superficial choices
  3. Men wish for future contact with more of their speed dates than women
109
Q

Men are more likely to say looks don’t matter (T/F)

A

False, women

110
Q

Benefits of physical attractiveness

A

More job and social success (perceived as better people)

111
Q

Cons of physical attractiveness

A
  • Does not influence self esteem and happiness
  • More suspicious of praise being sincere
  • Looks matter less as people spend more time with each other
112
Q

While beauty standards vary with culture (time and place) , they almost always indicate

A

“Ideal health”

113
Q

High rated attractive people were lowered in score after

A

They were perceived as unlikeable

114
Q

Reward theory of attraction

A

We will like those whose behavior is rewarding to us (includes physical appearance)

115
Q

Passionate Love

A

An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a romantic relationship

116
Q

How two-factor theory of emotion influences passionate love

A

An aroused physical state can arouse a mental state

117
Q

Companionate love

A

The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

118
Q

Although other hormones decrease with companionate love (testosterone, dopamine, adrenaline) _________ remains

A

oxytocin

119
Q

Equity

A

A condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it

120
Q

Self-disclosure

A

The act of revealing intimate aspects of ourselves to others

121
Q

Two important parts of a strong companionate love

A

Equity and self-disclosure

122
Q

Altruism

A

Unselfish regard for the welfare of others

123
Q

Conditions for people to display altruism

A
  1. Notice the incident
  2. Interpret as emergency
  3. Assume responsibility
124
Q

Diffusion of responsibilities

A

The greater the number of bystanders, the less likely someone will step in to help

125
Q

Bystander Effect

A

The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

126
Q

The odds of helping someone in need are when (9 things)

A
  1. The person appears to need and deserve help
  2. The person is in some way similar to us
  3. Woman
  4. Just observed someone else being helpful
  5. Not in a hurry
  6. In a small town or rural area
  7. Feel guilty
  8. Not preoccupied and observant
  9. In a good mood
127
Q

Social exchange theory

A

The theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs

128
Q

Reciprocity norm

A

An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

129
Q

Social-responsibility norm

A

An expectation that people will help those needing their help

130
Q

Conflict

A

A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas

131
Q

Social trap

A

A situation in which the conflicting parties, by each pursuing their self-interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior

132
Q
A

ASD Senior Year (49 decks)

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