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ASD Senior Year > AP Bio Exam 5 > Flashcards

AP Bio Exam 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Environment

A

Other organisms and the physical aspects of an organisms surrounding

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2
Q

Evolution

A

Descent with modification; A change in the genetic composition of a population from generation to generation

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3
Q

Darwin published

A

The Origin of Species

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4
Q

Evolution can be viewed through two ways:

A

as a pattern (data of observations) and as a process (mechanisms that cause)

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5
Q

Aristotle’s belief in evolution

A

Species are fixed but there are similarities among groups of organisms. They differentiate based on complexity

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6
Q

Scala Naturae

A

Aristotle’s belief that life can be organized in a scale of increasing complexity

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7
Q

The scientists of 1700s referred to the __________ by believing ________

A

Old Testament; all creatures’ designs have a purpose

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8
Q

Carolus Linnaeus

A

Swedish physician and botanist;
developed the binomial classification of species

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9
Q

Linnaeus’s classification system differentiates from the scalae naturae in that

A

it is nested. They were categorized based on the pattern of their creation

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10
Q

Darwin’s observations about Linnaeus

A
  • Classification should instead be based on evolutionary relationships
  • Scientists who used the Linnean system happen to follow those relationships regardless
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11
Q

Fossils

A

The remains or traces of organisms of the past

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12
Q

Strata

A

Superimposed layers of rocks formed by new layers of sediment covering older ones and compressing them

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13
Q

Paleontology

A

The study of fossils

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14
Q

George Cuvier contributions to evolution

A

Largely developed paleontology
- He noted that the older strata (near Paris) was, the more dissimilar the life-forms were to current.
- New species appeared and disappeared in strata layers.
- Believed that each boundary between strata represented a sudden catastrophic event and were then repopulated by species immigrating from other areas

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15
Q

Cuvier believed in __________ but not in ____________

A

common extinctions, evolution

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16
Q

Cuvier vs. Hutton beliefs

A

Cuvier: Sudden catastrophic events caused old life forms to go extinct and new life forms to immigrate
Hutton: Earth’s geological features come from gradual mechanisms (ex. valleys being formed by rivers)

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17
Q

James Hutton

A

Scottish geologist that proposed gradual mechanisms explained Earth’s geological features.

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18
Q

Charles Lyell

A

Believed Hutton’s geological theories are still ongoing and by the same rate
- Wrote Principles of Geology that Darwin read on his voyage

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19
Q

Darwin’s beliefs on Lyell and Hutton

A
  • Used their theories to justify that the Earth must be much older than a few thousand years (since the mechanisms are slow)
  • Proposed these “slow” theories could be applied to biological evolution.
  • An earthquake he experienced on the voyage reinforced his idea
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20
Q

Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck

A

French biologist that incorrectly theorized about how evolution works
- Found several lines of descent and used two principles to explain them

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21
Q

Lamarck’s two principles

A

Use and disuse and Inheritance of acquired characteristics

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22
Q

Use and Disuse principle

A

Lamarck’s principle that parts of the body that were excessively used got stronger and larger, while those that were not deteriorate
ex. giraffe stretching its neck to reach high branches

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23
Q

Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics

A

Lamarck’s theory that organisms could pass modifications they acquired during life to their offspring

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24
Q

Lamarck thought evolution occurs because

A

organisms have an innate drive to become more complex

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25
Q

Lamarck vs. Darwin

A

Similarities:
- Agreed that variation was introduced through inheritance of acquired characteristics
- Theories went against the Old Testament beliefs about design of creatures

Lamarck:
- Use and Disuse theory
- Organism’s have a natural drive to become more complex

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26
Q

Darwin was on the ship _________

A

HMS Beagle (starting in 1831)

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27
Q

Adaptations

A

Inherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in specific environments

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28
Q

Darwin’s big question during his voyage

A

Could a new species arise from an ancestral form by the gradual accumulation of adaptations to a different environment?

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29
Q

Differences in Galápagos finches

A

Cactus-eater: Long, sharp beak helps it tear and eat cactus flowers and pulp
Insect-eater: narrow, pointed beak to grasp insects
Seed-eater: Large beak to crack seeds found on ground

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30
Q

Natural Selection

A

A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than do other individuals because of those traits

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31
Q

Alfred Russel Wallace

A

Developed a hypothesis on natural selection nearly identical to Darwin

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32
Q

Darwin gathered evidence that natural selection explains three broad observations about nature:

A

Unity of life, diversity of life, the striking ways in which organisms are suited for life in their environments

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33
Q

In the first edition of The Origin of Species, Darwin never used the word

A

evolution

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34
Q

Artificial Selection

A

Modifying other species over many generations by selecting and breeding individuals that possess desired traits

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35
Q

Darwin’s two observations and inferences

A

Observation #1: Members of a population often vary in their inherited traits
Observation #2: All species can produce more offspring that their environment can support, and many of these offspring fail to survive and reproduce
Inference #1: Individuals whose inherited traits give them a higher probability of surviving and reproducing in a given environment tend to leave more offspring than do other individuals
Inference #2: This unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to the accumulation of favorable traits in the population over generations

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36
Q

Key Features of Natural Selection

A

pg. 474

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37
Q

Soapberry Bugs

A

The beak length corresponds to the location of the seeds in the fruits they eat

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38
Q

MRSA

A

Ongoing natural selection

-

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39
Q

Organisms evolve during their lifetimes (T/F)

A

F

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40
Q

Natural selection acts on individuals, but only populations evolve (T/F)

A

T

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41
Q

Microevolution

A

a change in allele frequencies in a population over generations

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42
Q

Three mechanisms cause allele frequency change:

A

Natural selection
Genetic drift
Gene flow

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43
Q

What is genetic variation among individuals is caused by?

A

differences in genes or other DNA segments

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44
Q

average heterozygosity

A

measures the average percent of loci that are heterozygous in a population

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45
Q

Genetic variation can be measured as

A

gene variability or nucleotide variability

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46
Q

Four mechanisms that increase genetic variability

A

Formation of new alleles (Mutations)
Altering Gene Number or Position
Rabid Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction

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47
Q

Only mutations in cells that produce _________ can be passed to offspring

A

gametes

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48
Q

A ______ mutation is a change in one base in a gene

A

point

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49
Q

Example of Altering Gene Number or Position

A

An ancestral odor-detecting gene has been duplicated many times: humans have 350 copies of the gene, mice have 1,000

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50
Q

________ of small pieces of DNA increases genome size and is usually less harmful

A

Duplication

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51
Q

Average rate of mutation in plants and animals

A

one mutation in every 100,000 genes per generation

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52
Q

Mutation ______ are often lower in prokaryotes and higher in viruses

A

rates

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53
Q

Mutations ___ quickly in prokaryotes and viruses because they have short generation times

A

accumulate

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54
Q

In organisms that reproduce _____ recombination of alleles is more important than mutation in producing the genetic differences that make adaptation possible

A

sexually

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55
Q

What does the hardy-Weinberg equation test?

A

whether a population is evolving

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56
Q

population

A

a localized group of individuals capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring

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57
Q

gene pool

A

consists of all the alleles for all loci in a population

58
Q

A locus is fixed if

A

all individuals in a population are homozygous for the same allele

59
Q

If there are two or more alleles for a locus

A

diploid individuals may be either homozygous or heterozygous

60
Q

Hardy-Weinburg equation

A

p + q = 1
p = frequency of allele 1 of a diploid organism
q = frequency of allele 2 of a diploid organism

61
Q

When is a population not evolving?

A

Frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population remain constant from generation to generation.

In a given population where gametes contribute to the next generation randomly, allele frequencies will not change.

62
Q

The five conditions for non-evolving populations are rarely met in nature:

A

No mutations
Random mating
No natural selection
Extremely large population size
No gene flow

63
Q

Natural selection can cause adaptive evolution:

A

an improvement in the match between organisms and their environment

64
Q

Genetic drift

A

describes how allele frequencies fluctuate unpredictably from one generation to the next

65
Q

Genetic drift tends to ___ genetic variation through losses of alleles

A

reduce

66
Q

founder effect

A

occurs when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population

67
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

The bottleneck effect is a sudden reduction in population size due to a change in the environment

68
Q

Two examples of genetic drift

A

founder and bottleneck effect

69
Q

Effects of Genetic Drift (4)

A
  • Genetic drift is significant in small populations
  • Genetic drift causes allele frequencies to change at random
  • Genetic drift can lead to a loss of genetic variation within populations
  • Genetic drift can cause harmful alleles to become fixed
70
Q

Gene flow

A

consists of the movement of alleles among populations

71
Q

How do alleles move?

A

Alleles can be transferred through the movement of fertile individuals or gametes (for example, pollen)

72
Q

Gene flow tends to ___ variation among populations over time

A

reduce

73
Q

Gene flow can decrease ( ) or increase ( ) the fitness of a population

A

(island’s specific niches), (spreading of resistance)

74
Q

Relative fitness

A

the contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation, relative to the contributions of other individuals

75
Q

Three modes of selection

A

Directional, disruptive, stabilizing

76
Q

Draw the graphs for each mode of selection

A

L2_The Evolution … slide 28

77
Q

Adaptive evolution occurs as the match between ___________ increases

A

an organism and its environment

78
Q

Genetic drift and gene flow do not consistently lead to adaptive evolution because

A

they can increase or decrease the match between an organism and its environment

79
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

marked differences between the sexes in secondary sexual characteristics

80
Q

Intrasexual selection

A

competition among individuals of one sex (often males) for mates of the opposite sex

81
Q

Intersexual selection

A

often called mate choice, occurs when individuals of one sex (usually females) are choosy in selecting their mates

82
Q

How do female preferences evolve?

A

The “good genes” hypothesis suggests that if a trait is related to male health, both the male trait and female preference for that trait should increase in frequency

83
Q

Why Natural Selection Cannot Fashion Perfect Organisms

A
  1. Selection can act only on existing variations
  2. Evolution is limited by historical constraints
  3. Adaptations are often compromises
  4. Chance, natural selection, and the environment interact
84
Q

Evolution is goal orientated (T/F)

A

F

85
Q

Evolution only happens to populations, not individuals (T/F)

A

T

86
Q

Micro vs. macroevolution

A

Micro: consists of changes in allele frequency in a population over time
Macro: refers to broad patterns of evolutionary change above the species level

87
Q

Speciation

A

Occurs when a group within a species separates from other members of its species and develops its own unique characteristics

88
Q

biological species concept

A

states that a species is a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring; they do not breed successfully with other populations

89
Q

Reproductive isolation

A

the existence of biological factors (barriers) that impede two species from producing viable, fertile offspring

90
Q

Hybrids

A

the offspring of crosses between different species

91
Q

Reproductive isolation can be classified by whether

A

factors act before or after fertilization

92
Q

Types of prezygotic barriers

A

Habitat isolation, Temporal isolation, Behavioral isolation, Mechanical isolation, Gametic isolation

93
Q

Habitat isolation

A

Two species encounter each other rarely, or not at all, because they occupy different habitats, even though not isolated by physical barriers

94
Q

Temporal isolation

A

Species that breed at different times of the day, different seasons, or different years cannot mix their gametes

95
Q

Behavioral isolation

A

Courtship rituals and other behaviors unique to a species are effective barriers to mating

96
Q

Mechanical isolation

A

Morphological differences can prevent successful completion of mating

97
Q

Gametic Isolation

A

Sperm of one species may not be able to fertilize eggs of another species

98
Q

Postzygotic Barriers

A

Reduced hybrid viability, Reduced hybrid fertility, Hybrid breakdown

99
Q

Reduced hybrid vitability

A

Genes of the different parent species may interact and impair the hybrid’s development or survival in its environment

100
Q

Reduced hybrid fertility

A

Even if hybrids are vigorous, they may be sterile

101
Q

Hybrid breakdown

A

Some first-generation hybrids are fertile, but when they mate with each other or with either parent species, offspring of the next generation are feeble or sterile

102
Q

Limitations of the Biological Species Concept

A
  1. The biological species concept cannot be applied to fossils or asexual organisms (including all prokaryotes)
  2. The biological species concept emphasizes absence of gene flow
  3. However, gene flow can occur between distinct species
    For example, grizzly bears and polar bears can mate to produce “grolar bears”
103
Q

Species concepts (all)

A

Biological, morphological, ecological, phylogenetic

104
Q

morphological species concept

A

defines a species by structural features

105
Q

ecological species concept

A

views a species in terms of its ecological niche
(emphasizes the role of disruptive selection)

106
Q

phylogenetic species concept

A

defines a species as the smallest group of individuals on a phylogenetic tree

107
Q

Allopatric vs. Sympatric speciation

A

Allopatric: A population forms a new species while
geographically isolated
from its parent population.

Sympatric: A subset of a population forms a new species without geographic
separation.

108
Q

Types of Sympatric Speciation:

A

Polyploidy
Habitat differentiation
Sexual Selection

109
Q

Polyploidy

A

is the presence of extra sets of chromosomes due to accidents during cell division

110
Q

Habitat differentiation

A

Sympatric speciation can also result from the appearance of new ecological niches

111
Q

Sexual selection

A

female’s preferences and choice determines selection

112
Q

Polyploidy is much more common in ______ than in ________

A

Plants, animals

113
Q

autopolyploid

A

an individual with more than two chromosome sets, derived from one species

114
Q

allopolyploid

A

a species with multiple sets of chromosomes derived from different species

115
Q

Examples of polyploids

A

Crops: oats, cotton, potatoes, tobacco, and wheat

116
Q

Examples of sexual selection

A

Sexual selection for mates of different colors has likely contributed to speciation in cichlid fish in Lake Victoria

117
Q

hybrid zone

A

a region in which members of different species mate and produce hybrids

118
Q

Hybrids

A

result of mating between species with incomplete reproductive barriers

119
Q

Three outcomes of closely related species meet in a hybrid zone

A

reinforcement, fusion, stability

120
Q

punctuated equilibria

A

periods of apparent stasis punctuated by sudden change

121
Q

Summarize the butterfly picture of punctuated vs. graduated equilibrium

A

End of slides L3 origins

122
Q

Geographic isolation

A

allopatric and sympatric speciation

123
Q

Coevolution

A

the joint evolution of two interacting species, each in response to selection imposed by the other (predator – prey)

124
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

periods of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill different ecological roles or niches in their communities (habitat differentiation)

125
Q

Convergent evolution

A

the evolution of similar, or analogous, features in distantly related groups. Analogous traits arise when groups independently adapt to similar environments in similar ways. Convergent evolution does not provide information about ancestry

126
Q

Conditions on early Earth made
the origin of life possible (simple cells)

A
  1. Abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules
  2. Joining of these small molecules into macromolecules
  3. Packaging of molecules into protocells
  4. Origin of self-replicating molecules
127
Q

Earth formed about

A

4.6 billion years ago

128
Q

What prevented seas from forming until around 4 billions years ago

A

Bombardment of Earth by rocks and ice likely vaporized water

129
Q

Earth’s early atmosphere likely contained

A

water vapor and chemicals
released by volcanic eruptions (nitrogen, nitrogen oxides, carbon
dioxide, methane, ammonia, hydrogen)

130
Q

Replication and metabolism are key properties of life and
may
have appeared together in

A

protocells

131
Q

Protocells may have formed from

A

fluid-filled vesicles with a
membrane-like structure

132
Q

The first genetic material was probably DNA, not RNA (T/F)

A

False

133
Q

The fossil record is biased in favor of species that

A

Existed for a long time

Were abundant and widespread

Had hard parts

134
Q

The absolute ages of fossils can be determined by

A

radiometric dating

135
Q

A radioactive “ ” isotope decays to a “
” isotope at a constant rate

A

parent, daughter

136
Q

Each isotope has a known half-life:

A

the time required for half the parent isotope to decay

137
Q

Phylogeny

A

the evolutionary history of a species or group of
related species

138
Q

Systematics

A

classifies organisms and determines
their evolutionary relationships

139
Q

Taxonomy

A

the scientific discipline concerned with classifying
and naming organisms

140
Q

Phylogenetic trees do not indicate when

A

species evolved
or how much change occurred in a lineage

141
Q
A

ASD Senior Year (49 decks)

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