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ASD Senior Year > Psychology Unit 7 Part Two > Flashcards

Psychology Unit 7 Part Two Flashcards

1
Q

Personality

A

An individual’s characteristic patten of thinking, feeling, and acting

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2
Q

Sigmund Freud Psychoanalytic Theory

A

Childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence personality

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3
Q

Psychodynamic theories

A

Theories that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

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4
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

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5
Q

Freud believed that psychological troubles came from

A

Men’s and women’s unresolved conflicts regarding their expected roles

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6
Q

Unconscious

A

According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings and memories. According to contemporary psychologists information processing of which we are unaware

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7
Q

Free Association

A

In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

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8
Q

Preconscious area

A

Freud’s idea of unconscious thoughts that can be retrieved into conscious

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9
Q

Id

A

A reservoir of unconscious psych energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification

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10
Q

Ego

A

The largely conscious “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain

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11
Q

Superego

A

The part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement (the conscience) and for future aspirations

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12
Q

Psychosexual stages

A

The childhood stages of development during which the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones

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13
Q

Phallic stage

A

Boys develop both unconsious sexual desires for their mother and jealousy and hatred for their father

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14
Q

Oedipus Complex

A

According to Freud, a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

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15
Q

Ages for Freud’s psychosexual stages

A

Oral - 0-18 months
Anal - 18-36 months
Phallic - 3-6 years
Latency - 6 to puberty
Genital - Puberty and on

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16
Q

Freud’s psychosexual stages: oral

A

Pleasure centers on the mouth: sucking, biting, chewing

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17
Q

Freud’s psychosexual stages: Anal

A

Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control

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18
Q

Freud’s psychosexual stages: Phallic

A

Pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings

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19
Q

Freud’s psychosexual stages: Latency

A

A phase of dormant sexual feelings

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20
Q

Freud’s psychosexual stages: Genital

A

Maturation of sexual interests

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21
Q

Identification

A

The process by which Freud says children incorporate their parents values into their developing superego

Gave them gender identity and alignment with parent’s values

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22
Q

Fixation

A

Freud says that a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage in which conflicts were unresolved

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23
Q

Freud thinks anxiety

A

is the minds way to protect others, by inflicting impulses on itself

id vs. superego war

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24
Q

Defense mechanisms

A

The ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

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25
Q

For Freud, all defense mechanisms function

A

indirectly and unconsciously

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26
Q

Repression

A

The basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

Underlies all other defense mechanisms says freud

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27
Q

Ways neo-freudians broke off from him

A
  1. placed more emphasis on the conscious minds role in interpreting experience and in coping with the environment
  2. Doubted that sex and aggression where all consuming motivations
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28
Q

Carl Jung

A

Neo-freudian that suggested the collective unconscious

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29
Q

Collective Unconscious

A

Carl Jungs concept of a shared inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species history

Led to connection to epigenetics

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30
Q

Projective Tests

A

A personality test such as the Rorschach, that provides ambiguous images designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics

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31
Q

Thematic Association Test (TAT)

A

A projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

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32
Q

Pros of TAT testing

A
  1. Can assess achievement and affiliation motivation
  2. Consistent over time by each patient
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33
Q

Rorschach inkblot test

A

The most widely used projective test; a set of 10 inkblots, seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

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34
Q

Modern critiques of Freud’s work

A
  1. Development is lifelong, not just childhood
  2. Infant neural networks may not be able to sustain emotional trauma as well as Freud thought
  3. Overestimates peer and family influence
  4. Gender identity is gained earlier

BIGGEST PROBLEM: It provides an after the fact explanation rather than a predictable theory

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35
Q

Critiques on Repression

A

While we many preserve our self-esteem by neglecting threatening information, but repression is a rare mental response

High stress and associated stress hormones enhance memory

36
Q

Which three Freudian defense mechanisms do modern scientists currently support?

A

Reaction Formation, Projection and Terror-Management Theory

37
Q

What do researchers now call projection?

A

False Consensus Effect

38
Q

False Consensus Effect

A

Tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors

39
Q

Defense mechanisms seem motivated less by the sexual and aggressive undercurrents that Freud imagined than by our need to protect our ______

A

self image

40
Q

Terror-Management Theory

A

A theory of death-related anxiety; explores people’s emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death

41
Q

Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers and Sigmund Freud are

A

Humanistic theorists

42
Q

Humanistic Theories

A

Theories that view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth

43
Q

Humanistic theorists went against science by

A

studying people through their own self-reported experiences and feelings

44
Q

Self-actualization

A

According to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one’s potential

45
Q

Self-transcendence

A

According to Maslow; the striving for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond the self

46
Q

Peak experiences

A
47
Q

Carl Rogers

A

Person-centered perspective

48
Q

Person-centered perspective

A

Carl’s Rogers theory that people are basically good and are endowed with self-actualizing tendencies

49
Q

Carl Rogers believes that growth-promoting social climate provides

A

Acceptance, Genuineness, and empathy

50
Q

Unconditional positive regard

A

A caring, accepting, non judgmental attitude which Carl Rogers believed would help people develop self-awareness and self-acceptance

51
Q

Self-Concept

A

All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question “Who am I?”

52
Q

Negative vs. Positive Self Regard

A

Positive: We tend to act and perceive the world positively

Negative: We fall short of our ideal self

53
Q

Humanistic Psychologists dislike personality questionaries because they think it

A

Categorizes people’s unique experiences into rigid boxes

54
Q

Criticism of Humanistic psychology

A
  1. Vague and subjective: is there a scientific definition of open people?
  2. Emphasis on individualism could promote self-indulgence
  3. Does not acknowledge the human capacity for evil
55
Q

Traits

A

A characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act in certain ways, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports

56
Q

Factor Analysis

A

A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of test items that tap basic components of a trait

57
Q

Hans and Sybil Eysenck

A

We can reduce many of our normal individual variations into two dimensions: extraversion-introversion and emotional stability-instability

58
Q

Biopsychosocial: Personality

A

Bio:
- Extraverts have low brain arousal thus seek stimulation (frontal lobe area involved in behavior inhibition is less active)
- Selective breeding can concentrate personality traits in animals

Psycho:

59
Q

Personality Inventory

A

A questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits

60
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

A

The most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes

61
Q

Empirically Derived

A

A test (such as the MMPI) created by selecting from a pool of items those that discriminate between groups

62
Q

Robert McCraw and Paul Costa

A

Made the Big Five Traits

63
Q

Big Five Personality Factors

A

CANOE:
Conscientiousness:
Agreeableness:
Neuroticism:
Openness:
Extraversion

64
Q

Big Five Traits: stability

A

Maturity principle: We become more conscientious, agreeable and less neurotic as we age

65
Q

Big Five Traits: Heritability

A

Heritability runs about 40 percent for each dimension

66
Q

Big Five Traits: Brain structure

A

High on conscientiousness have larger frontal lobe areas (aid in planning and controlling behavior)
High in neuroticism have brains wires to experience stress intensity

67
Q

Big Five Traits: Birth Order

A

No association

68
Q

Big Five Traits: Culture

A

Aligns in all human groups

69
Q

Big Five Traits: predictability

A

Yes

70
Q

Person-Situation Controversy

A

is our personality based more on inner disposition or from our environment

71
Q

With age, personality traits become more

A

stable

72
Q

A person’s average traits persist over time and are predictable over many different situations but

A

traits cannot predict behavior in any one particular situation

73
Q

Social-cognitive perspective

A

Views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits (including their thinking) and their social context

74
Q

Albert Bandura

A

Social-cognitive perspective

75
Q

Behavioral Approach

A

Focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development

76
Q

Reciprocal determinism

A

The interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment

77
Q

Self

A

In contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings and actions

78
Q

Spotlight Effect

A

Overestimating others noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us)

79
Q

Self-esteem

A

One’s feelings of high or low self-worth

80
Q

Self-efficacy

A

One’s sense of competence and effectiveness

81
Q

Dunning-Kruger Effect

A

Ignorance of one’s own incompetence

82
Q

Self-Serving Bias

A

A readiness to perceive oneself favorably

83
Q

Narcissism

A

Excessive self-love and self-absoption

84
Q

Individualism

A

Giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications

85
Q

Collectivism

A

Giving priority to the goals of one’s group (often one’s extended family or work group) and defining one’s identity accordingly

ASD Senior Year (49 decks)

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