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ASD Senior Year > Psychology Unit 6 > Flashcards

Psychology Unit 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Developmental Psychology

A

A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

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2
Q

Three major themes of developmental psychology

A

Nature v nuture
Continuity and stages
Stability and change

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3
Q

Nature v Nurture in Developmental Psychology

A

Genes predispose our share of humanity and individual differences

Differences are strengthened by nurture

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4
Q

Continuity v Stages in Developmental Psychology

A

Slow continuous process of development

People pass stages in the same order (but not always the same time)

Research doubts that it’s neatly categorized by age

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5
Q

Who contributed a lot to stage theories?

A

Jean Piaget

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6
Q

Stability and Change in developmental psychology

A

Some characteristics are very stable: temperament, emotionality, happiness

Our personality gradually stabilizes

Less predictable: social attitudes (we learn new ways to cope)

We may change over time but still be the same as compared to others our age: a hard driven adult may be more mellow when older, but still be driven compared to other senior citizens

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7
Q

Zygote

A

The fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo

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8
Q

When is the germinal stage and what is it?

A

10 days after contraception, a zygote attaches to the carriers uterine wall

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9
Q

Embryo

A

The developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month

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10
Q

When does an embryo’s organs begin to form and function

A

6 weeks

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11
Q

When does an embryo look like a human?

A

9 weeks

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12
Q

Fetus

A

The developing human organism from 9 weeks after contraception to birth

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13
Q

When is it safe to say that a fetus will be born with a good chance of survival even if born prematurely? Why?

A

6 months. The stomach is developed enough

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14
Q

Immediately after birth, newborns prefer their fathers voice to their mothers

A

False, mothers

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15
Q

Ways prenatal babies demonstrate learning

A

Preferring their mothers’ language after they are born if its what the mother spoke at pregnancy

Respond less to repeated vibrational stimuli

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16
Q

Teratogens

A

(Literally “monster makers”) agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

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17
Q

Affects of teratogens on prenatal development

A
  • Reduces activity in the central nervous system
  • Primes them to taste and alcoholism
  • Dangerously low birth weight
  • Birth defects
  • Future behavior problems
  • Lower intelligence
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18
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

A

Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking. In severe cases, signs induce a small, out-of-proportion head and abnormal facial features

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19
Q

Epigenetic Effect

A

Alcohol leaving chemical marks on DNA that switch genes abnormally on or off

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20
Q

Teratogen examples

A

Alcohol, smoking, stress

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21
Q

Newborn relfexes: poke a babies cheek

A

Baby will turn towards the poke (simulates looking for nipple)

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22
Q

Startle reflex

A

When arms and legs spring out, quickly followed by fist clenching and loud crying

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23
Q

Grasping reflex

A
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24
Q

Habituation

A

Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner

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25
Q

Maturation

A

Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relativley uninfluenced by experience

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26
Q

Rate of developing nerve cells in womb

A

One-quarter million per minute

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27
Q

When is the most rapid growth in the frontal lobe

A

3 to 6 years old (requires most amount of energy)

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28
Q

Why do baby brains increase in size rapidly after in early days after birth?

A

The brain’s neural networks that enable talking, walking, and remembering have a growth spurt

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29
Q

Last brain parts to develop

A

Association areas with thinking, memory, and language

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30
Q

Pruning process

A

The “use-it-or-lose-it” process of shutting down unused links in neurons

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31
Q

Most babies can walk at about

A

11-15 months

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32
Q

We consciously recall a lot before from before age 4 (true or false?)

A

False, a little (infantile amnesia)

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33
Q

Growth vs. Development

A

Growth: getting bigger
Development: a change occurs (ex. Brown to grey hair)

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34
Q

Morals vs. Ethics

A

Morals: is it good if we raise a child like this
Ethics: how do we do it

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35
Q

Babinski reflex

A

Run finger down arch of foot, baby will curl toes to simulate grabbing a tree branch

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36
Q

Moro reflex

A

Rest hand on torso then quickly release, babies will flair their arms to be easier to catch

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37
Q

APGAR Test

A

(7-10 is normal)
A = activity of muscles
P = pulse
G= grimace (suctioning mucus out of nose and mouse makes them flinch)
A = appearance (color, too yellow could mean problem in liver)
R = respiration

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38
Q

Jean Piaget

A

Studied children’s cognition and developed intellegence tests

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39
Q

Piaget’s core idea

A

Our intelligence progression reflects an unceasing struggle to make sense of our experiences. The maturing brain builds schemas

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40
Q

Cognition

A

All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
(The kangaroo raked the car)

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41
Q

Schema

A

A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

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42
Q

Assimilation

A

Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

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43
Q

Accommodation

A

Adapting our current understanding (schemas) to incorporate new information

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44
Q

Piaget’s two concepts in schemas

A
  1. We assimilate new experiences
  2. We accommodate new experiences
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45
Q

Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development

A
  1. Sensorimotor
  2. Preoperational
  3. Concrete operational
  4. Formal operational
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46
Q

Sensorimotor Stage

A

In Piaget’s theory, the stage (from birth to nearly 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

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47
Q

Why are young babies so amused by peekaboo

A

While in the sensorimotor stage, they don’t have any concept of object permanence. Thus, they really think its gone. “If I can’t sense it, it doesn’t exist”

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48
Q

Object Permanence

A

The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

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49
Q

Preoperational Stage

A

In Piaget’s theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 6 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

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50
Q

Before the age of 6, Piaget says thay children lack the concept of

A

Conservation

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51
Q

Conservation

A

The principle (which Piaget believed to be part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

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52
Q

Why is pretend play significant to the transition between 2 to 3 year olds

A

It shows they can now symbolically think

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53
Q

Egocentrism

A

In Piaget’s theory, the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view

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54
Q

Theory of Mind

A

People’s ideas about their own and others’ mental states-about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict

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55
Q

Kids with ASD tend to have difficulty

A

Understanding that other people’s state of mind is different from their own

56
Q

Concrete Operational Stage

A

In Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

57
Q

Formal Operational Stage

A

In Piaget’s Theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

58
Q

Key Milestones of Piaget’s Cognitive Development Stages

A

Sensorimotor: Object permanence, stranger anxiety
Preoperational: Pretend play, egocentrism
Concrete Operational: Conservation, Mathmatical transformations
Formal Operational: Abstract logic, Potential for mature moral reasoning

59
Q

Lev Vygotsky

A

Studied how a child’s mind interacts with the physical environment

60
Q

Scaffold

A

A framework that offers children temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking

61
Q

Vygotsky: Child zone of proximal development

A

Zone between what a child can and can’t do, thus could do with help

62
Q

Flaw in Piaget’s theory

A

Development is more continuous than stages

63
Q

Stranger Anxiety

A

The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age

64
Q

Attachment

A

An emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to their caregiver and showing distress on seperation

65
Q

Critical Period

A

An optimal period early in the life on an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development

66
Q

Imprinting

A

The process by which certain animals form strong attatchments during early life

67
Q

Why do duckling immediately chose the first animal they see as their mother?

A

Their critical period is just hours after birth

68
Q

Familiarity brings unease to children. True or false

A

False, it brings safety and contentness

69
Q

Strange Situation Experiment

A

A procedure for studying child-caregiver attatchment; a child is placed in an unfamiliar environment while their caregiver leaves and then returns, and the child’s reactions are observed

70
Q

Secure attachment

A

Demonstrated by infants who comfortably explore environments in the presence of their caregiver, show only temporary distress when their caregiver leaves, and find comfort in the caregiver’s return

71
Q

Insecure attachment

A

Demonstrated by infants who display either a clinging, anxious attachment or an avoidant attachment that resists closeness

72
Q

Temperament

A

A person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

73
Q

Temperament is genetically influenced and can be predicted even from newborns (True or False?)

A

True

74
Q

Basic trust

A

According to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

75
Q

Self-concept

A

All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves in answer to the question “Who am I”

76
Q

About BY what age have children developed self concept?

A

Age 12

77
Q

The four main parenting styles

A

Authoritarian, Permissive, Negligent, Authoritative

78
Q

Describe authoritarian parenting and its effects

A

Coercive, impose rules and expect obedience without needing to explain why.

Children have less social skills, lower self-esteem, and overreact when they make mistakes

79
Q

Describe permissive parenting and its effects

A

Unrestraining, few demands or limits.

Children are more aggressive and immature

80
Q

Describe negligent parenting and its effects

A

Uninvolved, neither demanding nor responsive

Children develop poor academic skills and social outcomes

81
Q

Sex

A

In psychology, the biologically influenced characteristics by which people define male and female

82
Q

Gender

A

In psychology, the socially influenced characteristics by which people define boy, girl, man, and woman

83
Q

Aggression

A

Any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally

84
Q

Relational Aggression

A

An act of aggression (physical or verbal) intended to harm a person’s relationship or social standing

85
Q

Aggression related to gender

A

Men are more likely to commit overt aggression, while women are relational aggression

86
Q

Role

A

A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

87
Q

Gender Roles

A

A set of expected behaviors, attitudes, and traits for males or for females

88
Q

Gender identity

A

Our sense of being male, female, or some combination of the two

89
Q

Social learning theory

A

The theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

90
Q

Gender typing

A

The acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

91
Q

Androgyny

A

Displaying both traditional masculine and feminine psychological characteristics

92
Q

Transgender

A

An umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth designated sex

93
Q

An enriched developing environment promots

A

Brain cortex growth

94
Q

Anything that is not taught in a maturing brain

A

Is a lose it situation. You can’t learn any language if you were never talked to by a certain age

95
Q

Adolescence

A

The transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

96
Q

Puberty

A

The period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

97
Q

Menarche

A

First menstrual period

98
Q

Girls have been hitting puberty earlier than later as time progresses (True or false)

A

True

99
Q

What strengthens in the brain to allow for better judgement during adolescence

A

Continuing growth of myelin

100
Q

Frontal lobe maturation lags behind

A

the emotional limbic system

101
Q

Preconventional Morality focus on ______ and is associate with the ages _______

A

Self-interest; obey rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards

(before age 9)

102
Q

Conventional Morality focus on ______ and is associate with the ages _______

A

Uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order

(Early adolescence)

103
Q

Postconventional Morality focus on ______ and is associate with the ages _______

A

Actions reflect belief in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles

(Adolescence and beyond)

104
Q

Identity

A

Our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

105
Q

Social Identity

A

The “we” aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to “Who am I?” that comes from our group memberships

106
Q

Intimacy

A

In Erikson’s theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in young adulthood

107
Q

Emerging Adulthood

A

A period from about age 18 to the mid-twenties, when many in Western cultures are no longer adolescents but have not yet achieved full independence as adults

108
Q

Two ways biology influences gender psychology

A

Genetically (differing chromosomes)

Physiologically (differing concentrations of sex hormones)

109
Q

X Chromosome

A

The sex chromosome found in both males and females. females typically have two chromosome; males typically have one. An X chromosome from each parent produces a female child

110
Q

Y chromosome

A

The sex chromosome typically found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child

111
Q

Testosterone

A

The most important male sex hormone. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs during the fetal period and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.

112
Q

Prenatal hormones influence our sex-related activities (true or false)

A

True

113
Q

Primary sex characteristics

A

The body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that makes sexual reproduction possible

114
Q

Secondary Sex Characteristics

A

Nonreproductive sexual traits, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair

115
Q

Spermarche

A

The first ejaculation

116
Q

Stresses that can lead to early menarche

A

Father absence, sexual abuse, insecure attachments, or a history of mother’s smoking during pregnancy

117
Q

Intersex

A

A condition present at birth due to unusual combinations of male and female chromosomes, hormones, and anatomy; possessing biological sexual characteristics of both sexes

118
Q

AIDS (Acquired immune deficiency syndrome)

A

A life-threatening, sexually transmitted infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). AIDS depletes the immune system, leaving the person vulnerable to infections

119
Q

Influences that reduce teen sexual behavior

A

Communication about birth control
High Intelligence
Religious engagement
Father presence
Service learning participation

120
Q

Influences that induce teen sexual behavior

A

Impulsivity
Alcohol Use
Mass Media
Absent father

121
Q

Sexual Orientation

A

Our enduring sexual attraction, usually toward members of our own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation); variations include attraction to both sexes (bisexual orientation)

122
Q

Erotic plasticity

A

More common in women, an inconsistent and flexible concentration of sexual attraction

123
Q

Environmental factors such as abuse and conditioning can change sexual orientation (True or False?)

A

False

124
Q

Brain differences in heterosexual men and (women and homosexual men)

A

A cell cluster in the hypothalamus is larger

125
Q

Fertile Females Theory

A

Maternal genetics may influence sexual orientation (more gay relatives on their mother’s side than fathers)

126
Q

Menopause

A

The time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines

127
Q

Biological decay that causes aging

A

The tips of chromosomes-telomeres- wear down

128
Q

Death-deferral

A

Death is more likely within days around Christmas, birthdays, etc.

129
Q

Physical sensations that come with age

A

Diminishing in visual sharpness, distance perception, and adaptation to light-level changes. Eye’s pupil shrinks, lens becomes less transparent.

130
Q

Cross-sectional study

A

Research that compares people of different ages at the same point in time

131
Q

Longitudinal study

A

Research that follows and retests the same people over time

132
Q

Neurocognitive Disorders (NCDs)

A

Acquired (not lifelong) disorders marked by cognitive deficits; often related to Alzheimer’s disease, brain injury, or disease, or substance abuse. In order adults, neurocognitive disorders were formerly called dementia

133
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

A neurocognitive disorder marked by neural plaques, often with onset after age 80, and entailing a progressive decline in memory and other cognitive abilities

134
Q

Social Clock

A

The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

135
Q

Health benefits and disadvantages with aging

A

Immune system weakens, but les susceptible to common flus and viruses.

136
Q

Physical changes of brain for memory with age

A

ASD Senior Year (49 decks)

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