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asd senior year > Psychology Unit 7 Part One > Flashcards

Psychology Unit 7 Part One Flashcards

1
Q

Motivation

A

A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

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2
Q

Instinct

A

A complex behavior that is rigidly patterened throughout a species and is unlearned

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3
Q

Four perspective theories of motivated behavior

A

Instinct theory
Drive-reduction theory
Arousal theory
Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

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4
Q

What qualifies as an instinct

A

A complex behavior must have a fixed pattern throughout a species and be unlearned

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5
Q

Unlearned behaviors examples

A

Imprinting, salmon returning to birth places, infants innate reflexes

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6
Q

Instinct theory

A

Replaced by evolutionary perspective focused on genetic predispositions as the source of our motivations.

There is a genetic basis for unlearned, species-typical behavior

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7
Q

Problem with instinct theory

A

Many behaviors are directed by both physiological needs and psychological wants

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8
Q

Physiological Needs

A

A basic bodily requirement

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9
Q

Drive-Reduction Theory

A

The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

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10
Q

When a physiological need increases

A

So does our psychological drive to reduce it

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11
Q

Homeostasis

A

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

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12
Q

Incentives

A

A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

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13
Q

The more impulses are satisfied and reinforced

A

The stronger the drive may become

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14
Q

Example of motivations getting hijacked

A

Substance use disorder

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15
Q

When we have a ____________ and _________ we are most strongly driven

A

need, incentive

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16
Q

Summary of Arousal Theory

A

Some motivated behaviors increase arousal

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17
Q

Arousal Theory Chart

A

Need -> Drive -> Drive Reducing Behaviors

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18
Q

Those who enjoy high arousal are most likely to seek

A

risky behaviors

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19
Q

Human motivation aims to

A

seek optimum levels of arousal (not eliminate it)

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20
Q

Yerkes-Dodson law

A

The principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

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21
Q

Overall conclusion of Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

Moderate arousal leads to optimal performance

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22
Q

Draw a Yerkes-Dodson law chart

A

Answer is on page 536

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23
Q

Hierarchy of needs

A

Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active

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24
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

Made hierarchy of needs

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25
Q

Order of hierarchy of needs

A

Physiological needs, Safety needs, Belonging and Love needs, Esteem needs, Self-actualization needs, Self-Transcendence needs

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26
Q

Scientists report that people seek meaning in their life as having

A

purpose (goal), significance (value), coherence (making sense)

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27
Q

Self esteem matters most in which nations?

A

Individualist

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28
Q

Modern edits to Hierarchy of Needs

A

Retaining mates, parenting offspring, and desiring social status are also on there

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29
Q

Arousal theory

A

Our need to maintain an optimal level of arousal motivates behaviors that meet no physiological need

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30
Q

As people go on a semi starved diet they become

A

less sociable and obsessed with food

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31
Q

People in a hot state are in a state where

A

a motive is so strong that nothing else matters in their conscious mind

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32
Q

When we are hungry our stomach

A

contracts

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33
Q

What guides hungriness?
Bio, psycho, social

A

Bio: Stomach Contracts, glucose levels are low
Psycho: Brain will trigger hunger signals if glucose level is low, memory of our last meal
Social: Arousing appetite, friends, serving size, selection range,

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34
Q

Glucose

A

The form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger

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35
Q

What diminishes blood glucose? Where is it secreted? How?

A

Insulin, pancreas, partially converting it to stored fat

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36
Q

Areas in the brain where hunger

A

Larger hunger: Lateral hypothalamus
Center neural network: arcuate nucleus

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37
Q

Appetite-suppressing hormones

A

ghrelin, insulin, leptin, orexin, PYY

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38
Q

Set Point

A

The point at which your “weight thermostat” may be set. When you body falls below this weight, increased hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may combine to restore lost weight

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39
Q

Basal Metabolic Rate

A

The body’s resting rate of energy output

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40
Q

Why do we eat more carbohydrate loaded foods when stressed

A

Carbs boost serotonin

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41
Q

Origin of taste preferences usually

A

Sweet and salty: genetic and universal
Other preferences: conditioned (ex. taste aversion), culture

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42
Q

Neophobia

A

Dislike of unfamiliar things

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43
Q

Asexual

A

Having no sexual attraction to others

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44
Q

Testosterone

A

The most important male sex hormone. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs during the fetal period and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty

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45
Q

Sex is a need (t/f)

A

False

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46
Q

Estrogens

A

Sex hormones, such as estradiol, that contribute to female sex characteristics and are secreted in greater amounts by females than by males. Estrogen levels peak during ovulation. In nonhuman mammals, this promotes sexual receptivity

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47
Q

How nature synchronizes sex with fertility (in mammals)

A

Females become most sexually receptive when their estrogens peak at ovulation

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48
Q

How a hormone injection will affect females and males

A

Females will become more sexually receptive (cause their hormone levels are more fluid), men will not be very responsive

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49
Q

Sexual arousal can be both a _______ and a ________ of _________ testosterone levels

A

cause, consequence, increased

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50
Q

Times where hormonal levels surge or fall

A
  1. Surge: Puberty
  2. Fall: menopause, later in life (men more gradual)
  3. Change: surgery or drugs
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51
Q

Alfred Kinsey

A

Questioned Americans about their sexuality

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52
Q

Who identified the sexual response cycle? How?

A

William Masters and Virginia Johnson

Making participants masturbate or have sex while observed

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53
Q

Sexual response cycle

A

Excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

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54
Q

Refractory Period

A

In human sexuality, a resting period that occurs after orgasm, during which a person cannot achieve another orgasm

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55
Q

Biopsychosocial influences of sexual motivation

A

Bio:
Sexual maturity, hormones, testosterone

Psycho:
Exposure to stimulating conditions, fantasies

Social: Societal values, family values, media

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56
Q

Three ways exposure to sexual material influences beliefs

A
  1. Men are more willing to commit rape after viewing material of nonconsent
  2. Reduced satisfaction with partners appearance and relationship
  3. Desensitization
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57
Q

Delayed first sex related to

A

greater satisfaction in ones marriage or partnership

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58
Q

In sex: commitment to partner tends to

A

increase satisfaction

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59
Q

Affiliation Need

A

The need to build relationships and to feel part of a group

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60
Q

Benefits of belonging

A
  • Ancestors: more likely to survive, reproduce, co-nurture offspring
  • More hunters
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61
Q

Personal happiness tends to come from

A

satisfying and close relationships

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62
Q

We tend to satisfy our need for relatedness through

A
  1. Autonomy (personal control)
  2. Competence (deep sense of wellbeing)
63
Q

Self-esteem is a gauge of how

A

valued and accepted we feel

64
Q

Pictures of loved ones activates the ______ which can ________

A

prefrontal cortex, dampens feelings of physical pain

65
Q

Feeling insecurely attached to others early in childhood can result in these two things in adulthood.

A
  1. Anxiety: Craving acceptance and vigilant of signs of rejection
  2. Avoidance: discomfort over getting close to others
66
Q

How is chain migration beneficial

A

Prevents immigration depression by traveling together and better adjustment

66
Q

Ostracism causes increased activity in the _______ which also responds to _______

A

anterior cingulate cortex, physical pain

66
Q

Ostracism

A

Deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups

67
Q

Ostracism can encourage further aggressions and antisocial behaviors (true/false)

A

True

68
Q

Effects of social media on social connections

A

Pros:
- Amplifier of social activity
- When used in moderation, social networking predicts a longer life
- Self-disclosure can deepen friendships

Cons:
- Lower grades and increased anxiety and depression
- but those who spend hours online are less likely connect with real-world people around them

69
Q

Self-disclosure

A

Sharing ourselves with others

70
Q

Narcissism

A

Excessive self-love and self-absorption

71
Q

People with high narcissism tests tend to

A

be more active on social media

72
Q

Achievement Motivation

A

A desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of skills or ideas, for control, and for attaining a high standard

73
Q

The most successful adults are those with

A

high achievement motivation levels

74
Q

Grit

A

In psychology, passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals

75
Q

Emotion

A

A response of the whole organism, involving
1. Psychological arousal
2. Expressive Behaviors
3. Conscious Experience

76
Q

James-Lange Theory

A

The theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing stimulus: stimulus -> arousal -> emotion

77
Q

William James

A

Theorized that emotions are a result from attention to our bodily activity

78
Q

Make sure Mr. Marsh sends the emotion slides

A

and check your gallery!

79
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory vs James-Lange Theory

A

James-Lange Theory: Emotions are a result from attention to our bodily activity
Cannon-bard Theory: Our bodily responses and experienced emotions occur separately but simultaneously

80
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory

A

The theory than an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers
1. physiological responses
2. the subjective experience of emotion

81
Q

In the Cannon-Bard theory, the two places signals travel to simultaneously

A

Sympathetic nervous system and brain’s cortex

82
Q

World War II soldiers with spinal cord injuries were experimented on. The results showed

A

Those with lower-spinal cord injuries reported little change in their emotions’ intensity

Those with higher-spinal cord injuries did report changes. “Just didn’t feel the way it used to”

Conclusion: Feelings are mostly “shadows” of our bodily responses and behaviors

83
Q

Stanley Schachter

A

demonstrated how we appraise (interpret) our experiences matters. Made the two-factor theory.

Our physical reactions and our thought together create emotion

84
Q

Two-Factor Theory

A

The Schachter-Singer Theory that to experience emotion one must
1. be physically aroused
2. cognitively label the arousal

85
Q

Spillover effect

A

A stirred-up state can be experienced as one emotion or another, depending on how we interpret and label it

86
Q

Arousal fuels emotion but

A

cognition channels it

87
Q

Robert Zajonc

A

We have many emotional reactions apart from, or even before, our conscious interpretation of a situation

88
Q

Two brain pathways emotional responses can follow

A
  1. High Road
    - More complex feelings
    - Travel, by the way of the thalamus, along the brain’s cortex to be analyzed and labels before the response is sent out by the amygdala
  2. Low Road
    - More direct and simple (likes or dislikes and fears)
    - Bypasses the cortex
    - Goes from thalamus straight to amygdala
    - Lightning speed
89
Q

Lazarus/Schachter-Singer vs. Zanjoc/LeDoux

A

Lazarus/Schachter-Singer: Event -> Appraisal -> Emotional response

Zanjoc/LeDoux: Event -> Emotional Response

90
Q

Joseph LeDoux

A

Coined the term “low road”

91
Q

Zanjonc’s and LeDoux’s belief

A

Some of our emotional reactions involve no deliberate thinking

92
Q

Richard Lazarus

A

Our brain processes vast amounts of information without our conscious awareness and that some emotional responses do not require conscious thinking

Emotions arise when we appraise an event as harmless or dangerous

“Ahh snake in the bush” to “oh its just the wind”

93
Q

Reappraisal often

A

reduces distress and the corresponding amygdala response

94
Q

To harness stress remember

A

It’s your bodies way to try to help you

95
Q

Carroll Izard’s 10 emotions (everything else is a combination of them)

A

Joy
Interest-excitement
Surprise
Sadness
Anger
Disgust
Contempt
Fear
Shame
Guilt

96
Q

What part of the body activates during crisis?

A

The sympathetic division of your automatic nervous system

97
Q

the adrenal glands

A

release the stress hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

98
Q

What part of the body calms you after crisis?

A

The parasympathetic division of your automatic nervous system

99
Q

The insula (a deep neural center) activates when

A

experiencing negative social emotions
(lust, pride, disgust etc.)

100
Q

Polygraph

A

A machine used in attempts to detect lies that measures several of the physiological responses (such as perspiration, heart rate, and breathing changes) accompanying emotion

101
Q

Emotions differentiate barely in ____________ but from _____________

A

heart rate, breathing, perspiration

facial expressions and brain activity

102
Q

Two emotion detecting cures humans excel at

A
  1. Facial expressions
  2. nonverbal threats
103
Q

Regarding emotion cures, introverts tend to ________, and extroverts tend to ________-

A

be better at reading emotions, be easier to read

104
Q

Electronic absence of important emotional cues puts us at risk of

A

ego centrism (failing to perceive how others are feeling)

105
Q

Women generally surpass men at reading people’s emotional cues (T/F)?

A

True

106
Q

Women’s higher ability to read emotional cues correlate to these three things

A
  1. Better emotional literacy (describing their feelings
  2. Greater emotional responsiveness and expressiveness
  3. Belief that women are inferior due to their emotionality
107
Q

Anger strikes most people as more ______

A

masculine

108
Q

Having empathy vs. expressing empathy

A

Having: Identifying with others emotions
Express: Display emotion when observing others emotions

109
Q

Gestures tend to be _______ while facial expressions tend to be _________

A

cultural, universal

110
Q

Why are facial expressions universal

A

Charles Darwin suggested that primary emotions conveyed communication before words to help each other survive

111
Q

Facial expressions may be universal but

A

the degree to which they are expressed vary

112
Q

Where to facial expression vary

A

Individualist nations: more expressive
Collectivist nations: Less expressive

113
Q

Facial feedback effect

A

The tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness

114
Q

Behavior feedback effect

A

The tendency of behavior to influence our own and others’ thoughts, feelings, and actions

115
Q

Stress

A

The process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

116
Q

Stress vs. stressor vs. stress reaction

A

Stress: Connection between stressor and stress reaction
Stressor: the event that causes stress
Stress reaction: Physical and emotional responses

117
Q

When short-lived, stressors can have

A

positive effects

118
Q

Positive effects momentary stress can do

A
  • Mobilize the immune system
  • Arouses and motivates to conquer problems
  • Energizes and satisfies life
119
Q

Overcoming stressors allows for

A

greater feelings of self-esteem and satisfaction

120
Q

Negative effects extreme or prolonged stress can do

A
  • Shorter pregnancies
  • Can trigger risky decisions and unhealthy behaviors
  • Higher risk of heart attacks and high blood pressure levels
  • Sleep deprivation therefore bad academic achievement
121
Q

Behavioral medicine’s main point

A

Mind and body interact. Everything psychological is simultaneously physiological

122
Q

Three main types of stressors

A

Catastrophes, significant life changes, daily hassles

123
Q

Catastrophe

A

Unpredictable large-scale events

124
Q

For those who respond to catastrophes by relocating to another country

A

stress may twofold

125
Q

Kurt Lewin

A

Motivational conflicts theory

126
Q

Rank the stress levels from least to most in Motivational conflicts theory

A

approach-approach,

127
Q

Parts of motivational conflicts theory

A

Approach-Approach conflict: two attractive but incompatible goals attract

Approach-avoidance: Both attracted and repelled by something

Avoidance-avoidance: Two bad choices

128
Q

Three body reactions to stress

A
  1. Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) from the adrenal gland
  2. Sympathetic nervous system arouses
  3. Ordered by cerebral cortex (hypothalamus and pituitary gland) the outer part of the adrenal gland secretes glucocorticoid hormones like cortisol
129
Q

Epinephrine vs. glucocorticoids

A

Epinephrine dictates the quick and immediate reaction, glucocorticoids helps plan and reason

130
Q

Hans Selye

A

General adaption syndrome (GAS)

Idea: The human body can cope with temporary stress well, but not prolonged

131
Q

General adaption syndrome (GAS)

A

Seyle’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases-alarm, resistance, exhaustion

132
Q

Phases of GAS described

A

Phase 1: Alarm, sympathetic nervous system activates
Phase 2: Resistance, continuous pumping of hormones keep engagement
Phase 3: Exhaustion, you become vulnerable to illness, collapse or death

133
Q

Severe childhood stressors can shorten telomeres (True or false)

A

True

134
Q

Two ways we interact with others during stress

A
  1. Withdraw
  2. Tend-and-befriend response
135
Q

Tend-and-befriend response

A

Under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend)

136
Q

Health psychology

A

A subfield of psychology that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine

137
Q

psychoneuroimmunology

A

The study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health

138
Q

When your immune system doesn’t function properly from stress, it can result in two ways

A
  1. Responding too strongly: Self-attacking (women are more susceptible to these diseases. Lupus, sclerosis, etc.
  2. Underperforming: Cancer cells, failure to attack foreign substances
139
Q

Stress makes us sick (True or False)

A

False, but it does alter our immune functioning

ex. weaken lymphocytes, macrophages and NK cells that destroy cancer cells

140
Q

Coronary Heart Disease

A

The clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed coutries

141
Q

Type A

A

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people

142
Q

Type B

A

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing relaxed people

143
Q

Type B people are more likely to suffer heart attacks

A

False. Type A. “Pure” Type B’s almost never

144
Q

How Type A health defects work

A

Centered around negative emotions like anger. Blood flow goes to muscles more than organs. Liver cannot remove as much cholesterol and fat.

145
Q

Catharsis

A

In psychology the idea that “releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges

146
Q

Reality of catharsis

A

It can calm temporary but can result in guilt or anxiousness

Can also not relieve anger and only breed more anger

(Behavior feedback!)

147
Q

Best ways to relieve anger

A

Wait, find distraction or support, distance yourself

148
Q

Three facts about optimism!

A
  1. Overcome stressors better
  2. Have better health
  3. Runs in family
149
Q

Genetic Marker of Optimism

A

Hormone oxytocin: enhances social bonding

150
Q

Talking about a stressful event can _______ but ________

A

temporarily arouse, but overall calm us

151
Q

Aerobic Exercise

A

Sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; also helps alleviate depression and anxiety

152
Q
A

asd senior year (49 decks)

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