Psychology Unit 7 Part One Flashcards
1
Q
Motivation
A
A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
2
Q
Instinct
A
A complex behavior that is rigidly patterened throughout a species and is unlearned
3
Q
Four perspective theories of motivated behavior
A
Instinct theory
Drive-reduction theory
Arousal theory
Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
4
Q
What qualifies as an instinct
A
A complex behavior must have a fixed pattern throughout a species and be unlearned
5
Q
Unlearned behaviors examples
A
Imprinting, salmon returning to birth places, infants innate reflexes
6
Q
Instinct theory
A
Replaced by evolutionary perspective focused on genetic predispositions as the source of our motivations.
There is a genetic basis for unlearned, species-typical behavior
7
Q
Problem with instinct theory
A
Many behaviors are directed by both physiological needs and psychological wants
8
Q
Physiological Needs
A
A basic bodily requirement
9
Q
Drive-Reduction Theory
A
The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
10
Q
When a physiological need increases
A
So does our psychological drive to reduce it
11
Q
Homeostasis
A
A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level
12
Q
Incentives
A
A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
13
Q
The more impulses are satisfied and reinforced
A
The stronger the drive may become
14
Q
Example of motivations getting hijacked
A
Substance use disorder
15
Q
When we have a ____________ and _________ we are most strongly driven
A
need, incentive
16
Q
Summary of Arousal Theory
A
Some motivated behaviors increase arousal
17
Q
Arousal Theory Chart
A
Need -> Drive -> Drive Reducing Behaviors
18
Q
Those who enjoy high arousal are most likely to seek
A
risky behaviors
19
Q
Human motivation aims to
A
seek optimum levels of arousal (not eliminate it)
20
Q
Yerkes-Dodson law
A
The principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases
21
Q
Overall conclusion of Yerkes-Dodson Law
A
Moderate arousal leads to optimal performance
22
Q
Draw a Yerkes-Dodson law chart
A
Answer is on page 536
23
Q
Hierarchy of needs
A
Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active
24
Q
Abraham Maslow
A
Made hierarchy of needs
25
Order of hierarchy of needs
Physiological needs, Safety needs, Belonging and Love needs, Esteem needs, Self-actualization needs, Self-Transcendence needs
26
Scientists report that people seek meaning in their life as having
purpose (goal), significance (value), coherence (making sense)
27
Self esteem matters most in which nations?
Individualist
28
Modern edits to Hierarchy of Needs
Retaining mates, parenting offspring, and desiring social status are also on there
29
Arousal theory
Our need to maintain an optimal level of arousal motivates behaviors that meet no physiological need
30
As people go on a semi starved diet they become
less sociable and obsessed with food
31
People in a hot state are in a state where
a motive is so strong that nothing else matters in their conscious mind
32
When we are hungry our stomach
contracts
33
What guides hungriness?
Bio, psycho, social
Bio: Stomach Contracts, glucose levels are low
Psycho: Brain will trigger hunger signals if glucose level is low, memory of our last meal
Social: Arousing appetite, friends, serving size, selection range,
34
Glucose
The form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger
35
What diminishes blood glucose? Where is it secreted? How?
Insulin, pancreas, partially converting it to stored fat
36
Areas in the brain where hunger
Larger hunger: Lateral hypothalamus
Center neural network: arcuate nucleus
37
Appetite-suppressing hormones
ghrelin, insulin, leptin, orexin, PYY
38
Set Point
The point at which your "weight thermostat" may be set. When you body falls below this weight, increased hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may combine to restore lost weight
39
Basal Metabolic Rate
The body's resting rate of energy output
40
Why do we eat more carbohydrate loaded foods when stressed
Carbs boost serotonin
41
Origin of taste preferences usually
Sweet and salty: genetic and universal
Other preferences: conditioned (ex. taste aversion), culture
42
Neophobia
Dislike of unfamiliar things
43
Asexual
Having no sexual attraction to others
44
Testosterone
The most important male sex hormone. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs during the fetal period and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty
45
Sex is a need (t/f)
False
46
Estrogens
Sex hormones, such as estradiol, that contribute to female sex characteristics and are secreted in greater amounts by females than by males. Estrogen levels peak during ovulation. In nonhuman mammals, this promotes sexual receptivity
47
How nature synchronizes sex with fertility (in mammals)
Females become most sexually receptive when their estrogens peak at ovulation
48
How a hormone injection will affect females and males
Females will become more sexually receptive (cause their hormone levels are more fluid), men will not be very responsive
49
Sexual arousal can be both a _______ and a ________ of _________ testosterone levels
cause, consequence, increased
50
Times where hormonal levels surge or fall
1. Surge: Puberty
2. Fall: menopause, later in life (men more gradual)
3. Change: surgery or drugs
51
Alfred Kinsey
Questioned Americans about their sexuality
52
Who identified the sexual response cycle? How?
William Masters and Virginia Johnson
Making participants masturbate or have sex while observed
53
Sexual response cycle
Excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
54
Refractory Period
In human sexuality, a resting period that occurs after orgasm, during which a person cannot achieve another orgasm
55
Biopsychosocial influences of sexual motivation
Bio:
Sexual maturity, hormones, testosterone
Psycho:
Exposure to stimulating conditions, fantasies
Social: Societal values, family values, media
56
Three ways exposure to sexual material influences beliefs
1. Men are more willing to commit rape after viewing material of nonconsent
2. Reduced satisfaction with partners appearance and relationship
3. Desensitization
57
Delayed first sex related to
greater satisfaction in ones marriage or partnership
58
In sex: commitment to partner tends to
increase satisfaction
59
Affiliation Need
The need to build relationships and to feel part of a group
60
Benefits of belonging
- Ancestors: more likely to survive, reproduce, co-nurture offspring
- More hunters
61
Personal happiness tends to come from
satisfying and close relationships
62
We tend to satisfy our need for relatedness through
1. Autonomy (personal control)
2. Competence (deep sense of wellbeing)
63
Self-esteem is a gauge of how
valued and accepted we feel
64
Pictures of loved ones activates the ______ which can ________
prefrontal cortex, dampens feelings of physical pain
65
Feeling insecurely attached to others early in childhood can result in these two things in adulthood.
1. Anxiety: Craving acceptance and vigilant of signs of rejection
2. Avoidance: discomfort over getting close to others
66
How is chain migration beneficial
Prevents immigration depression by traveling together and better adjustment
66
Ostracism causes increased activity in the _______ which also responds to _______
anterior cingulate cortex, physical pain
66
Ostracism
Deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups
67
Ostracism can encourage further aggressions and antisocial behaviors (true/false)
True
68
Effects of social media on social connections
Pros:
- Amplifier of social activity
- When used in moderation, social networking predicts a longer life
- Self-disclosure can deepen friendships
Cons:
- Lower grades and increased anxiety and depression
- but those who spend hours online are less likely connect with real-world people around them
69
Self-disclosure
Sharing ourselves with others
70
Narcissism
Excessive self-love and self-absorption
71
People with high narcissism tests tend to
be more active on social media
72
Achievement Motivation
A desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of skills or ideas, for control, and for attaining a high standard
73
The most successful adults are those with
high achievement motivation levels
74
Grit
In psychology, passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals
75
Emotion
A response of the whole organism, involving
1. Psychological arousal
2. Expressive Behaviors
3. Conscious Experience
76
James-Lange Theory
The theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing stimulus: stimulus -> arousal -> emotion
77
William James
Theorized that emotions are a result from attention to our bodily activity
78
Make sure Mr. Marsh sends the emotion slides
and check your gallery!
79
Cannon-Bard Theory vs James-Lange Theory
James-Lange Theory: Emotions are a result from attention to our bodily activity
Cannon-bard Theory: Our bodily responses and experienced emotions occur separately but simultaneously
80
Cannon-Bard Theory
The theory than an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers
1. physiological responses
2. the subjective experience of emotion
81
In the Cannon-Bard theory, the two places signals travel to simultaneously
Sympathetic nervous system and brain's cortex
82
World War II soldiers with spinal cord injuries were experimented on. The results showed
Those with lower-spinal cord injuries reported little change in their emotions' intensity
Those with higher-spinal cord injuries did report changes. "Just didn't feel the way it used to"
Conclusion: Feelings are mostly "shadows" of our bodily responses and behaviors
83
Stanley Schachter
demonstrated how we appraise (interpret) our experiences matters. Made the two-factor theory.
Our physical reactions and our thought together create emotion
84
Two-Factor Theory
The Schachter-Singer Theory that to experience emotion one must
1. be physically aroused
2. cognitively label the arousal
85
Spillover effect
A stirred-up state can be experienced as one emotion or another, depending on how we interpret and label it
86
Arousal fuels emotion but
cognition channels it
87
Robert Zajonc
We have many emotional reactions apart from, or even before, our conscious interpretation of a situation
88
Two brain pathways emotional responses can follow
1. High Road
- More complex feelings
- Travel, by the way of the thalamus, along the brain's cortex to be analyzed and labels before the response is sent out by the amygdala
2. Low Road
- More direct and simple (likes or dislikes and fears)
- Bypasses the cortex
- Goes from thalamus straight to amygdala
- Lightning speed
89
Lazarus/Schachter-Singer vs. Zanjoc/LeDoux
Lazarus/Schachter-Singer: Event -> Appraisal -> Emotional response
Zanjoc/LeDoux: Event -> Emotional Response
90
Joseph LeDoux
Coined the term "low road"
91
Zanjonc's and LeDoux's belief
Some of our emotional reactions involve no deliberate thinking
92
Richard Lazarus
Our brain processes vast amounts of information without our conscious awareness and that some emotional responses do not require conscious thinking
Emotions arise when we appraise an event as harmless or dangerous
"Ahh snake in the bush" to "oh its just the wind"
93
Reappraisal often
reduces distress and the corresponding amygdala response
94
To harness stress remember
It's your bodies way to try to help you
95
Carroll Izard's 10 emotions (everything else is a combination of them)
Joy
Interest-excitement
Surprise
Sadness
Anger
Disgust
Contempt
Fear
Shame
Guilt
96
What part of the body activates during crisis?
The sympathetic division of your automatic nervous system
97
the adrenal glands
release the stress hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
98
What part of the body calms you after crisis?
The parasympathetic division of your automatic nervous system
99
The insula (a deep neural center) activates when
experiencing negative social emotions
(lust, pride, disgust etc.)
100
Polygraph
A machine used in attempts to detect lies that measures several of the physiological responses (such as perspiration, heart rate, and breathing changes) accompanying emotion
101
Emotions differentiate barely in ____________ but from _____________
heart rate, breathing, perspiration
facial expressions and brain activity
102
Two emotion detecting cures humans excel at
1. Facial expressions
2. nonverbal threats
103
Regarding emotion cures, introverts tend to ________, and extroverts tend to ________-
be better at reading emotions, be easier to read
104
Electronic absence of important emotional cues puts us at risk of
ego centrism (failing to perceive how others are feeling)
105
Women generally surpass men at reading people's emotional cues (T/F)?
True
106
Women's higher ability to read emotional cues correlate to these three things
1. Better emotional literacy (describing their feelings
2. Greater emotional responsiveness and expressiveness
3. Belief that women are inferior due to their emotionality
107
Anger strikes most people as more ______
masculine
108
Having empathy vs. expressing empathy
Having: Identifying with others emotions
Express: Display emotion when observing others emotions
109
Gestures tend to be _______ while facial expressions tend to be _________
cultural, universal
110
Why are facial expressions universal
Charles Darwin suggested that primary emotions conveyed communication before words to help each other survive
111
Facial expressions may be universal but
the degree to which they are expressed vary
112
Where to facial expression vary
Individualist nations: more expressive
Collectivist nations: Less expressive
113
Facial feedback effect
The tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness
114
Behavior feedback effect
The tendency of behavior to influence our own and others' thoughts, feelings, and actions
115
Stress
The process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging
116
Stress vs. stressor vs. stress reaction
Stress: Connection between stressor and stress reaction
Stressor: the event that causes stress
Stress reaction: Physical and emotional responses
117
When short-lived, stressors can have
positive effects
118
Positive effects momentary stress can do
- Mobilize the immune system
- Arouses and motivates to conquer problems
- Energizes and satisfies life
119
Overcoming stressors allows for
greater feelings of self-esteem and satisfaction
120
Negative effects extreme or prolonged stress can do
- Shorter pregnancies
- Can trigger risky decisions and unhealthy behaviors
- Higher risk of heart attacks and high blood pressure levels
- Sleep deprivation therefore bad academic achievement
121
Behavioral medicine's main point
Mind and body interact. Everything psychological is simultaneously physiological
122
Three main types of stressors
Catastrophes, significant life changes, daily hassles
123
Catastrophe
Unpredictable large-scale events
124
For those who respond to catastrophes by relocating to another country
stress may twofold
125
Kurt Lewin
Motivational conflicts theory
126
Rank the stress levels from least to most in Motivational conflicts theory
approach-approach,
127
Parts of motivational conflicts theory
Approach-Approach conflict: two attractive but incompatible goals attract
Approach-avoidance: Both attracted and repelled by something
Avoidance-avoidance: Two bad choices
128
Three body reactions to stress
1. Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) from the adrenal gland
2. Sympathetic nervous system arouses
3. Ordered by cerebral cortex (hypothalamus and pituitary gland) the outer part of the adrenal gland secretes glucocorticoid hormones like cortisol
129
Epinephrine vs. glucocorticoids
Epinephrine dictates the quick and immediate reaction, glucocorticoids helps plan and reason
130
Hans Selye
General adaption syndrome (GAS)
Idea: The human body can cope with temporary stress well, but not prolonged
131
General adaption syndrome (GAS)
Seyle's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases-alarm, resistance, exhaustion
132
Phases of GAS described
Phase 1: Alarm, sympathetic nervous system activates
Phase 2: Resistance, continuous pumping of hormones keep engagement
Phase 3: Exhaustion, you become vulnerable to illness, collapse or death
133
Severe childhood stressors can shorten telomeres (True or false)
True
134
Two ways we interact with others during stress
1. Withdraw
2. Tend-and-befriend response
135
Tend-and-befriend response
Under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend)
136
Health psychology
A subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine
137
psychoneuroimmunology
The study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health
138
When your immune system doesn't function properly from stress, it can result in two ways
1. Responding too strongly: Self-attacking (women are more susceptible to these diseases. Lupus, sclerosis, etc.
2. Underperforming: Cancer cells, failure to attack foreign substances
139
Stress makes us sick (True or False)
False, but it does alter our immune functioning
ex. weaken lymphocytes, macrophages and NK cells that destroy cancer cells
140
Coronary Heart Disease
The clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed coutries
141
Type A
Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people
142
Type B
Friedman and Rosenman's term for easygoing relaxed people
143
Type B people are more likely to suffer heart attacks
False. Type A. "Pure" Type B's almost never
144
How Type A health defects work
Centered around negative emotions like anger. Blood flow goes to muscles more than organs. Liver cannot remove as much cholesterol and fat.
145
Catharsis
In psychology the idea that "releasing" aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges
146
Reality of catharsis
It can calm temporary but can result in guilt or anxiousness
Can also not relieve anger and only breed more anger
(Behavior feedback!)
147
Best ways to relieve anger
Wait, find distraction or support, distance yourself
148
Three facts about optimism!
1. Overcome stressors better
2. Have better health
3. Runs in family
149
Genetic Marker of Optimism
Hormone oxytocin: enhances social bonding
150
Talking about a stressful event can _______ but ________
temporarily arouse, but overall calm us
151
Aerobic Exercise
Sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; also helps alleviate depression and anxiety
152
