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ASD Senior Year > Bio Exam 6 > Flashcards

Bio Exam 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Ecology

A

Analytical study of interactions between biotic and abiotic facts
that determine the distribution and abundance of species.

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2
Q

Organismal (individual) ecology is the highest one (true or false)

A

False, lowest

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3
Q

Ranking of ecology

A

Global, Landscape, Ecosystem, Community, Population, Organismal

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4
Q

Four major abiotic
components of
climate are

A

temperature,
precipitation,
sunlight, and wind

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5
Q

__________
release water and
cause high
precipitation,
_____________

A

Rising air masses, especially in the
tropics

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6
Q

____________
masses create arid
climates, especially
near _________

A

Dry, descending air
30° north and
south

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7
Q

If the earths rotation angle is increased how does it affect the seasons

A

Seasons would be far more pronounced

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8
Q

Light intensity increases towards the

A

equator

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9
Q

Why does Great Britain have subtropical plants but newfoundland have arctic? (they are one the same latitudinal line)

A

The North Atlantic subtropical gyre pushes warm ocean current to great Britain but a cold current goes down to Labrador

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10
Q

Oceans dictate

A

global temperatures

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11
Q

How is a rain shadow made

A

Rising air releases moisture on the windward side of a peak and creates a “rain shadow” as it absorbs moisture on the leeward side

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12
Q

Microclimate

A

fine-scale differences in the environment that affect light and wind patterns

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13
Q

Abiotic factors include

A

Temperature
Water
Oxygen
Salinity
Sunlight
Soil

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14
Q

Biotic factors include

A

Predation
Herbivory
Competition
Mutualism
Parasitism

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15
Q

As climate changes,
species that have
______ may
have smaller ranges or
could become extinct

A

difficulty dispersing

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16
Q

The structure and distribution of terrestrial
biomes are controlled by

A

climate and
disturbance

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17
Q

Biomes

A

major life zones characterized by vegetation type
(terrestrial biomes) or physical environment (aquatic biomes)

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18
Q

climograph

A

plots the annual mean temperature and
precipitation in a region (look at a graph)

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19
Q

Biomes are affected not just by average temperature and
precipitation, but also by the

A

pattern of both throughout the year

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20
Q

Terrestrial biomes usually
have sharp boundaries (T/F)

A

False, they grade into each other

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21
Q

Ecotone

A

The area of intergradation

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22
Q

Disturbance

A

an event such as a storm, fire,
or human activity that changes a community

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23
Q

Species diversity will be highest when

why?

A

disturbances are at the intermediate level

High levels of disturbance exclude many slow-
growing species

Low levels of disturbance allow dominant species
to exclude less competitive species

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24
Q

Low levels of disturbance allow

A

competition to reduce diversity

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25
Q

High levels of disturbances

A

reduce diversity

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26
Q

Dependency of periodic disturbance example

A

For example, frequent fires
can kill woody plants and
maintain the characteristic
vegetation of a savanna

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27
Q

_______ is an important feature of terrestrial biomes

A

Vertical layering

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28
Q

What are some factors that limit distribution

A

dispersal (area inaccessible or insufficient time) -> behavior (habitat selection) -> biotic -> abiotic

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29
Q

Population

A

a group of individuals of a single species living in the same general area and are
described by their boundaries and size

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30
Q

Mark-Recapture method equation (to determine population density)

A

N = (sn)/x
(s) = capture, tag and release random sample of individuals
(n) = capture a second sample of individuals from same population after a period of time
(x) = how many were marked in the second capture
(N) = population size

(should get 1600?)

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31
Q

N = B + I – D – E

A

B - births
I - Immigration
D - Deaths
E - emmigration

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32
Q

Dispersion

A

the pattern of spacing among
individuals within the boundaries of the
population

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33
Q

Three types of dispersion

A

Clumped
Uniform
Random

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34
Q

Clumped dispersion

A

Resource availability, behavior

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35
Q

Uniform dispersion

A

Social interactions (territoriality)

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36
Q

Random dispersion

A

Position is independent of other individuals

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37
Q

Demography

A

the study of the vital
statistics of a population and how they
change over time

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38
Q

Three types of survivorship curves

A

Type I: Low death rates during early and middle
life and an increase in death rates among
older age groups
Type II: Constant death rate over organism’s life
span
Type III: High death rates for young and lower
death rates for survivors

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39
Q

The exponential model describes

A

population
growth in an idealized, unlimited
environment

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40
Q

The logistic model describes

A

how a population
grows more slowly as it nears its carrying
capacity

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41
Q

Carrying Capacity (K)

A

Maximum population size the environment can support

Varies with the abundance of limiting resources

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42
Q

Terrestrial Biome: Temperate Broadleaf Forest

Primary producer, Defining traits, animal and its adaptation

A

Primary producer:

Defining traits: Deciduous Trees, Distinct vertical layers, Mull soils, Ranging temperatures (0 to 35 c)
Animal: Groundhog
Adaption: Hibernation

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43
Q

What is rMax in exponential growth?

A

Population increase under idealized conditions.
Under these conditions the rate of increase is at
its maximum, denoted as rmax

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44
Q

When are exponential growth curves seen?

A

This type of pattern can be
seen in some rebounding
populations

45
Q

Some populations overshoot K before
settling (T/F)

A

True

46
Q

Allee effect

A

individuals have a more difficult time
surviving or reproducing if the population size is too small

47
Q

Conservation biologists can use the logistic model to estimate

A

the critical size below which populations
may become extinct

48
Q

Traits that affect an organism’s
schedule of reproduction and survival

A
  • Age of which reproduction begins
  • How often the organisms reproduces
  • How many offspring are produced during
    each reproductive outcomes
49
Q

Semelparity (big-bang)

A

reproduce once and die
- Highly variable or unpredictable
environments
- Salmon

50
Q

Iteroparity (repeated)

A

produce offspring repeatedly
- More dependable environments
- Most amniotes

51
Q

r-selection

A
  • Density-independent selection
  • Selects for life history traits that maximize
    reproduction
52
Q

K-selection

A
  • Density-dependent selection
  • Selects for life history traits that are sensitive to
    population density
53
Q

Density-Independent Populations

A

Birth and death rates do not change with
population density

54
Q

Density-Dependent Populations

A

Birth rates are inversely related to
population density. Death rates are directly
related to population density

55
Q

Density-dependent regulation factors

A

Competition for resources
Territoriality
Disease
Predation
Toxic Wastes
Intrinsic Factors (physiological factors)

56
Q

Look at the age structure graphs

A

Okay

57
Q

Competition (example)

A

(-/-) Gause’s paramecium experiment

58
Q

Strong competition can lead to

A

competitive exclusion

59
Q

Ecological Niche

A

A species role

60
Q

Competitive Exclusion Principle

A

The superior competitor can
locally eliminate an inferior
competing species.
Two species competing for the
same limiting resources cannot
coexist in the same place.
(Gause’s paramecium experiment)

61
Q

Ecologically similar species can coexist in a
community if there are

A

one or more significant
differences in their niches

62
Q

Resource partitioning

A

differentiation of
ecological niches, enabling similar species to
coexist in a community

63
Q

character displacement

A

a
tendency for characteristics to be more
divergent in sympatric populations of two
species than in allopatric populations of the
same two species (Galapagos Finches)

64
Q

Prey defense adaptations: Coloration

A

◦ Cryptic (camouflage)
◦ Mimicry (Batesian vs. Mullerian)
◦ Aposematic

65
Q

Prey defense adaptations: Physiological defenses

A

ex. poison to eat

66
Q

Prey defense adaptations: Behavioral defenses

A
  • Hiding
    ◦ Fleeing
    ◦ Schools/Herds/Groups
    ◦ Self-defense (i.e. fight; spray)
    ◦ Alarm calls
67
Q

Herbivore adaptations

A
  • Many herbivores insects have chemical sensors
    (feet, antenna)
    ◦ Many mammalian herbivores use olfactory
    ◦ Specialized teeth
    ◦ Specialized digestive system
68
Q

Plant Adaptations

A
  • Molecular-level defense: produce chemical
    compounds (trepenoids, phenolics and
    alkaloids).
  • Cellular-level defense: vacuoles in plant cells
    can hold poisons
  • Organ-level defense: modified leaves (spines)
69
Q

Species richness

A

the number of different species in the community

70
Q

Relative Abundance

A

the proportion each species represents of all
individuals in the community

71
Q

Herbivory (and example)

A

(+/-) cow, grass

72
Q

Predation (and example)

A

(+/-) Wolf, rabbit

73
Q

Parasitism (and example)

A

(+/-) flea, dog

74
Q

Mutualism (and example)

A

(+/+) flowers, bees

75
Q

Commensalism (and example)

A

(+/0) clownfish, sea anemone

76
Q

Facilitation (and example)

A

(+/+ or 0/+) Salt marsh with juncus

77
Q

intermediate disturbance hypothesis

A

moderate levels of disturbance can
foster greater diversity than either high or low
levels of disturbance

78
Q

Shannon diversity index (H)

A

H = –(pA ln pA + (pB ln pB) + pC ln pC + …)

p = relative abundance

79
Q

Why is diversity important?

A

Communities with higher diversity are
◦ More productive and more stable in their productivity
◦ Better able to withstand and recover from environmental stresses
◦ More resistant to invasive species, organisms that become
established outside their native range

80
Q

The energetic hypothesis suggests

A

that length is limited by
inefficient energy transfer (90%
of energy is used at each level)

81
Q

The dynamic stability
hypothesis proposes that

A

long food chains are less stable than
short ones (most data support the energetic instead)

82
Q

Dominant Species (Definition, example, reasoning)

A

Definition:
- most abundant or have the highest biomass
- exert powerful control over the occurrence and
distribution of other species

Reasons:
- dominant species are most
competitive in exploiting resources
- they are most successful at avoiding
predators

Example: Sugar maples have a major impact on shading and soil
nutrient availability in eastern North America; this affects the
distribution of other plant species

83
Q

Keystone species (difference than dominant?) Example

A

exert strong control on community by their niche

BUT they
are not necessarily abundant in a
community

Example: Sea otters are ks predators in the north pacific

84
Q

Foundation species

A

Ecosystem engineers that cause physical changes
in the environment that affect community
structure

example: beavers

85
Q

Bottom-Up Controls

A

Unidirectional influence from lower to higher trophic levels

Presence or absence of mineral nutrients
determines community structure

Affects the abundance of primary producers and thus consumers

86
Q

Top-Down Controls

A

AKA Trophic cascade model

Control comes from the trophic level above

Predators control herbivores, which in turn
control primary producers

87
Q

Nonequilibrium model

A

describes
communities as constantly changing after being
buffeted by disturbances

88
Q

Vector

A

The transfer of pathogens can be direct or
through an intermediate species called a
vector

89
Q

Conservation of Energy

A

◦ Energy can only be transformed
◦ Entropy
◦ Energy can be lost as heat

90
Q

Conservation of Mass

A

◦ Matter cannot be created or destroyed
◦ Recycled within ecosystem

91
Q

Ecology relation to conservation of energy

A

Energy and Matter pass from autotrophs to herbivores to
carnivores. Detritivores are consumers that derive their
energy from detritus.

92
Q

Gross primary production (GPP)

A

is measured as the conversion of chemical
energy from photosynthesis per unit time

93
Q

Net primary production (NPP)

A

is GPP minus energy used by primary producers
for respiration

94
Q

NPP is expressed as

A

−Energy per unit area per unit time (J/m^2
yr), or
−Biomass added per unit area per unit time
(g/m^2yr)

95
Q

Net ecosystem production (NEP)

A

a measure of the total biomass
accumulation during a given period

96
Q

Primary production

A

total respiration in an ecosystem

97
Q

A limiting nutrient

A

the element that must
be added for
production to
increase in an area.

98
Q

________ are
typically the nutrients
that most often limit
marine production.

A

Nitrogen and
phosphorous

99
Q

10% rule

A

energy transfers between
trophic levels

100
Q

Secondary production

A

the amount of
chemical energy in food
converted to new biomass
during a given period of time

101
Q

Production efficiency

A

the
fraction of energy stored in
food that is not used for
respiration

102
Q

Facts about the water cycle

A

The oceans contain 97% of
the biosphere’s water; 2% is
in glaciers and polar ice caps,
and 1% is in lakes, rivers, and
groundwater

103
Q

Memorize the water cycle

A

Bet

104
Q

Primary consumers only eat primary producers (T/F)

A

True

105
Q

Water cycle:
Importance, Forms, Where it is stored, Key processes to move them

A

Importance: Transportation, life necessity, habitat, chemical processes
Forms: Solid, liquid, gas
Where it is stored: mainly ocean
Key processes: Evaporation, condensation, etc.
It is a gaseous cycle

106
Q

Gaseous cycles occur in the

A

atmosphere

107
Q

Decomposer role

A

general pattern of
chemical cycling.

108
Q

Biomagnification

A

the concentration of toxins in an organism as a result of its ingesting other plants or animals in which the toxins are more widely disbursed.

109
Q

Biomagnification vs bioaccumulation

A

Bioaccumulation is the buildup of absorbed chemicals in an organism over time. Biomagnification is the increase in concentration of these chemicals in each organism up the food chain

ASD Senior Year (49 decks)

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