Psychology Unit 8 Flashcards
1
Q
Psychological Disorder
A
A syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior
2
Q
Syndrome
A
A consistent set of symptoms
3
Q
Clinical
A
Actual situations with objective observation, not dictionary definitions or theory
4
Q
Disturbance
A
Maladaptive responses that hinder daily life
5
Q
_____ often accompanies dysfunction
A
Distress
6
Q
Significant disturbance has been defined consistently throughout history (T/F)
A
False
7
Q
In earlier times, people often view strange behaviors as evidence of
A
strange forces (evil spirits, godlike powers, etc.) at work
8
Q
Philippe Pinel believed that
A
Madness was not demonic possession but a sickness of the mind. It requires “moral treatment”
9
Q
How did people realize that mental illness is a disease?
A
In the 1800s, researchers discovered than syphilis infects the brain and distorts the mind
10
Q
Medical Model
A
The concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital
11
Q
Mental disorders due to a medical condition have also been called
A
Organic disorders
12
Q
The two disorders than occur world wide are
A
major depressive disorder and schizophrenia
13
Q
Stress vulnerability model (aka diathesis-stress model)
A
Suggests that individual characteristics combine with environmental stressors to increase or decrease the likelihood of developing a psychological disorder
14
Q
Epigenetics
A
The study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change
15
Q
Psychological disorders: Biological influences
A
- Evolution
- Individual Genes
- Brain structures and chemistry
16
Q
Psychological disorders: Psychological influences
A
- Stress
- Trauma
- Learned Helplessness
- Mood-related perceptions and memories
17
Q
Psychological disorders: Social-Cultural influences
A
- Roles
- Expectations
- Definitions of normality and disorder
18
Q
Diagnostic classification gives a
A
thumbnail sketch of a person’s disordered behaviors, thoughts, or feelings
19
Q
Classification of disorders aims at three things:
A
- Predict a disorder’s future course
- Suggest appropriate treatment
- Prompt research into its causes
20
Q
DSM-5
A
The American Psychiatric Association’s “Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition”. A widely used system for classifying psychological disorders
21
Q
The DSM-5’s diagnostic criteria and codes closely resemble those in the
A
World Health Organization’s “International Classification of Diseases” (ICD)
22
Q
Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
A
A psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity
23
Q
Clinicians can easily predict who is likely to harm others based on mental illness history (T/F)
A
False, Most violent criminals are not mentally ill, and most mentally ill people are not violent
24
Q
Just under _______ adult Americans currently have a mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder or have had one within the past year
A
1 in 5
25
Country with the lowest rate of reported mental disorders
Nigeria
26
Country with the highest rate of reported mental disorders
United States
27
Immigrant paradox
Immigrants of a certain heritage are less at risk for a mental disorder than an American-born person of the same heritage
28
Some predictors of mental illness
Poverty, early adulthood, low birth weight, medical illness, etc. (see pg. 674)
29
Anxiety Disorders
Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
30
Social anxiety disorder
Intense fear and avoidance of social situations (formerly called social phobia)
31
Generalized anxiety disorder
A person is unexplainably and continually tense and uneasy. An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal
32
Panic disorder
An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person may experience terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations; often followed by worry over a possible next attack
33
Phobias
An anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation
34
Symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder
- Dizziness
- Heart Palpitations
- Sweating Palms
- Shaking
- Constant on edge and worrying
- Agitation
- Sleep Deprivation
35
Agoraphobia
Fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one has felt loss of control and panic
36
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
A disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both
37
4 OCD-related disorders
- Hoarding disorder: cluttering one's space with acquired possessions one can't let go)
- Body dysmorphic disorder: Preoccupation with perceived body defects
- Trichotillomania: Hair-pulling
- Excoriation disorder: Excessive skin picking
38
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
A disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, hypervigilance, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience
39
How anxious feelings may arise from
Conditioning:
Classical conditioning, stimulus generalization; operant conditioning, reinforcement
Cognition:
We may learn some fears through observing other's fears
Biology:
- Genes associated with anxiety (regulation of levels of neurotransmitters)
- Fear pathways created in the amygdala
- Anterior cingulate cortex: associated with motoring out actions and checking for errors
Natural Selection:
- We fear what our ancestors feared
40
Stimulus Generalization (anxiety)
Someone experiences a fearful event and later develops a fear of similar events
41
Major depressive disorder
A disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either
1. depressed mood
or
2. loss of interest or pleasure
42
Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia) symptoms
- Difficulty with decision making and concentration
- Feeling hopeless
- Poor self-esteem
- Reduced energy levels
- Problems regulating sleep
- Problems regulating appetite
43
Bipolar disorder
A disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania. (Formerly called manic-depressive disorder)
44
Mania
A hyperactive, widely optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgement is common
45
In milder forms, mania's energy and flood of ideas can fuel
creativity
46
Major depressive disorder is ore dysfunctional than bipolar disorder
False, opposite (twice as much missed workdays claims by BPD, and potent predictor of suicide)
47
Facts about depression
1. Behavioral and cognitive changes accompany depression: Selectively attend to negative thoughts
2. Depression is widespread
3. Women's risk of major depressive disorder is nearly double men's
4. Most major depressive episodes self-terminate
5. Stressful events often precede depression
6. Compared to past generations, depression strikes earlier ages and more people
48
Genetic Influence in depressive disorders and bipolar disorder
- If one identical twin is diagnosed with major depressive disorder, about 50% chance the other will be too (70% for bipolar disorder)
- Overall heritability of major depressive disorder (around 40%)
49
Depression can cause the brain's reward centers to become
less active
50
People with bipolar disorders may have a decrease in ___ and enlarged _____
myelinated axons, fluid-filled ventricles
51
_____________ which increases arousal and boosts mood, is scare during depression and overabundant during mania
norepinephrine
52
Two neurotransmitters scare during depression
serotonin, norepinephrine
53
Nutrition effects on depression
Mediterranean dieters have a lower risk of health decline and depression.
Excessive alcohol use correlates with depression
54
Social-Cognitive influence onto depression
- Environmental influences can lay epigenetic marks that can influence depression
- Self-defeating beliefs and negative explanatory style
55
Epigenetic marks
Molecular genetic tags that can turn certain genes on or off
56
Rumination
Compulsive fretting; overthinking our problems and their causes
57
Women may be at more risk for depression due to their higher tendency in
rumination
58
Explanatory style
Who or what they blame for their failures
59
Three contrasting explanatory styles
1. Stable (i'll never get over this) vs. Temporary (I will get through this)
2. Global (This affects everything) vs. Specific (This affects only part of me)
3. Internal (my fault) vs. External (Not just my fault)
60
Self-defeating beliefs may arise from
learned helplessness
61
Cycle of depression
Stressful experiences -> Negative explanatory style -> Depressed Mood -> Cognitive behavioral changes ->
62
Worldwide suicide rate yearly
around 800,000
63
When are people most at risk of suicide
When they're freshly emerging out of peak depression and start having energy
64
Suicide statistics:
Nation
Racial
Gender
Age
Other Group
Season/Day of week
Nation: Higher US, Canada, and Australia than in Britain, Italy, Spain (In Europe, Highest rates in Belarus, lowest in Georgia)
Racial: White and Native American 2x than Black, Hispanics and Asians
Gender: Women attempt more but Men are 2-4 times likely to commit suicide (more lethal methods)
Age: Late adulthood (45-65)
Other: Higher in rich, nonreligous, single, widowed, divorced, witnesses of physical pain, LGBTQ, Alcohol use disorder
Day of week/Season: Mid week (Wednesdays), April and May and winter holidays
65
Following highly publicized suicides, suicides tend to decrease
False
66
NSSI
Nonsuicidal self-injury
67
Schizophrenia
A disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished inappropriate emotional expression
68
Schizophrenia refers not to _________ but to __________
a multiple personality split, the mind's split from reality
69
Psychotic disorder
A group of disorders marked by irrational ideas, distorted perceptions, and a loss of contact with reality
70
Positive symptoms vs negative symptoms in schizophrenia
inappropriate behaviors are present vs. appropriate behaviors are absent
71
Examples of positive symptoms in schizophrenia
hallucinations, talk in disorganized ways, inappropriate laughter, tears or rage
72
Examples of negative symptoms in schizophrenia
absence of emotion in their voices, expressionless faces, unmoving bodies
73
Hallucinations
false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus
74
Hallucinations are false ______ Delusions are false ______
Perceptions, beliefs
75
Delusion
A false belief, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders
76
If someone has paranoid delusions, they may believe they are
being threatened or pursued
77
Possible reasoning for disorganized thinking in schizophrenia
Selective attention difficulty
78
Word Salad
Sentences and phrases which don't form thoughts
79
Psychosis is just a
disconnect from reality
80
Flat affect
states of no apparent feeling
81
Impaired theory of mind
Difficulty perceiving facial expressions and reading others' states of mind
82
Catatonia
Motor behaviors ranging from a physical stupor (remaining motionless for hours) to senseless, compulsive actions, such as continually rocking to severe and dangerous agitation
83
Schizophrenia typically strikes this age group
young people maturing into adulthood
84
Chronic schizophrenia
(aka process schizophrenia) a form of schizophrenia in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood. As people age, psychotic episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten
85
Acute schizophrenia
(aka reactive schizophrenia) a form of schizophrenia that can begin at any age; frequently occurs in response to a traumatic event
86
Recovery is more likely in ______ schizophrenia than _______ schizophrenia
Acute, chronic
87
In researching brains of patients with schizophrenia, scientists found an excess number of ________ receptors, including a sixfold excess for the ____________
dopamine, dopamine receptor D4
88
Some people with schizophrenia have abnormally high brain activity in the frontal lobes (T/F)
F, low
89
PET scans showed that hallucinations in schizophrenia reported from a high activity in the __________ and paranoia from the ________
thalamus, amygdala
90
Other brain abnormalities in schizophrenia
Enlarged, fluid-filled ventricles and a corresponding shrinkage and thinning of cerebral tissue
- Smaller cortex, hippocampus, corpus callosum
91
Prenatal risk factors for schizophrenia
low birth weight, maternal diabetes, older paternal age, oxygen deprivation during delivery, famine, maternal flu,
92
People with a sibling or parent with schizophrenia have a 1 in ____ chance of having schizophrenia as opposed to 1 in ____ otherwise (1 in ___ if its an identical twin)
10, 100, 2
Twins not only share genes, but prenatal environment
93
MRIs of people with schizophrenia show
less dense grey matter
94
Somatic symptom disorder
A psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause. (Formerly called somatoform disorder, see conversion disorder and illness anxiety disorder)
95
Conversion disorder
(aka functional neurological symptom disorder) a disorder related to somatic symptom disorder in which a person experiences very specific, physical symptoms that are not compatible with recognized medical or neurological conditions
96
Illness anxiety disorder
A disorder related to somatic symptom disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease (Formerly hypochondriasis)
97
Dissociative disorders
controversial, rare disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts and feelings
98
Dissociative Identity disorder (DID)
A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities (formerly called multiple personality disorder)
99
Personality disorders
Inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning
100
Three clusters of personality disorders
Cluster A: "Odd or eccentric" odd behaviors or emotionless disengagement
Cluster B: "Emotional or Erratic" dramatic or impulsive behaviors
Cluster C: "Anxious or Fearful" Fearful sensitivity to rejection
101
Body dysmorphic disorder
Preoccupation with perceived flaw
102
Pain disorder
Complaints of chronic pain with no apparent cause (or malingering)
103
Factitious Disorder (can be imposed on another)
Formerly "Munchausen syndrome" where a patient causes an illness and seeks treatment for it
104
Dissociative amnesia
Characterized by retrospectively reported memory gaps. These gaps involve an inability to recall personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature
105
Depersonalization disorder
Feel that you're seeing yourself from outside your body or you sense that things around you are not real (or both)
106
Cluster A Three Disorders
Paranoid personality disorder, Schizoid personality disorder, Schizotypal Personality Disorder
107
Cluster B Four Disorders
Antisocial Personality Disorder, Borderline personality disorder, Histrionic Personality Disorder, Narcissistic Personality Disorder
108
Cluster C Three Disorders
Avoidant Personality Disorder, Dependent Personality Disorder, Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
109
Antisocial personality disorder
A personality disorder in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing even toward friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist
110
Anorexia Nervosa
An eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight; sometimes accompanied by excessive exercise
111
Bulimia nervosa
An eating disorder in which a person's binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) is followed by inappropriate weight-loss promoting behavior such as vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise
112
Binge-eating disorder
Significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory behavior that marks bulimia nervosa
