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ASD Senior Year > Psychology Unit 8 > Flashcards

Psychology Unit 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Psychological Disorder

A

A syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior

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2
Q

Syndrome

A

A consistent set of symptoms

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3
Q

Clinical

A

Actual situations with objective observation, not dictionary definitions or theory

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4
Q

Disturbance

A

Maladaptive responses that hinder daily life

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5
Q

_____ often accompanies dysfunction

A

Distress

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6
Q

Significant disturbance has been defined consistently throughout history (T/F)

A

False

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7
Q

In earlier times, people often view strange behaviors as evidence of

A

strange forces (evil spirits, godlike powers, etc.) at work

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8
Q

Philippe Pinel believed that

A

Madness was not demonic possession but a sickness of the mind. It requires “moral treatment”

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9
Q

How did people realize that mental illness is a disease?

A

In the 1800s, researchers discovered than syphilis infects the brain and distorts the mind

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10
Q

Medical Model

A

The concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital

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11
Q

Mental disorders due to a medical condition have also been called

A

Organic disorders

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12
Q

The two disorders than occur world wide are

A

major depressive disorder and schizophrenia

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13
Q

Stress vulnerability model (aka diathesis-stress model)

A

Suggests that individual characteristics combine with environmental stressors to increase or decrease the likelihood of developing a psychological disorder

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14
Q

Epigenetics

A

The study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change

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15
Q

Psychological disorders: Biological influences

A
  • Evolution
  • Individual Genes
  • Brain structures and chemistry
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16
Q

Psychological disorders: Psychological influences

A
  • Stress
  • Trauma
  • Learned Helplessness
  • Mood-related perceptions and memories
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17
Q

Psychological disorders: Social-Cultural influences

A
  • Roles
  • Expectations
  • Definitions of normality and disorder
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18
Q

Diagnostic classification gives a

A

thumbnail sketch of a person’s disordered behaviors, thoughts, or feelings

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19
Q

Classification of disorders aims at three things:

A
  1. Predict a disorder’s future course
  2. Suggest appropriate treatment
  3. Prompt research into its causes
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20
Q

DSM-5

A

The American Psychiatric Association’s “Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition”. A widely used system for classifying psychological disorders

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21
Q

The DSM-5’s diagnostic criteria and codes closely resemble those in the

A

World Health Organization’s “International Classification of Diseases” (ICD)

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22
Q

Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A

A psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity

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23
Q

Clinicians can easily predict who is likely to harm others based on mental illness history (T/F)

A

False, Most violent criminals are not mentally ill, and most mentally ill people are not violent

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24
Q

Just under _______ adult Americans currently have a mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder or have had one within the past year

A

1 in 5

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25
Q

Country with the lowest rate of reported mental disorders

A

Nigeria

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26
Q

Country with the highest rate of reported mental disorders

A

United States

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27
Q

Immigrant paradox

A

Immigrants of a certain heritage are less at risk for a mental disorder than an American-born person of the same heritage

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28
Q

Some predictors of mental illness

A

Poverty, early adulthood, low birth weight, medical illness, etc. (see pg. 674)

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29
Q

Anxiety Disorders

A

Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

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30
Q

Social anxiety disorder

A

Intense fear and avoidance of social situations (formerly called social phobia)

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31
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder

A

A person is unexplainably and continually tense and uneasy. An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

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32
Q

Panic disorder

A

An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person may experience terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations; often followed by worry over a possible next attack

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33
Q

Phobias

A

An anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation

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34
Q

Symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A
  • Dizziness
  • Heart Palpitations
  • Sweating Palms
  • Shaking
  • Constant on edge and worrying
  • Agitation
  • Sleep Deprivation
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35
Q

Agoraphobia

A

Fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one has felt loss of control and panic

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36
Q

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

A

A disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both

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37
Q

4 OCD-related disorders

A
  • Hoarding disorder: cluttering one’s space with acquired possessions one can’t let go)
  • Body dysmorphic disorder: Preoccupation with perceived body defects
  • Trichotillomania: Hair-pulling
  • Excoriation disorder: Excessive skin picking
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38
Q

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

A

A disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, hypervigilance, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

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39
Q

How anxious feelings may arise from

A

Conditioning:
Classical conditioning, stimulus generalization; operant conditioning, reinforcement

Cognition:
We may learn some fears through observing other’s fears

Biology:
- Genes associated with anxiety (regulation of levels of neurotransmitters)
- Fear pathways created in the amygdala
- Anterior cingulate cortex: associated with motoring out actions and checking for errors

Natural Selection:
- We fear what our ancestors feared

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40
Q

Stimulus Generalization (anxiety)

A

Someone experiences a fearful event and later develops a fear of similar events

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41
Q

Major depressive disorder

A

A disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either
1. depressed mood
or
2. loss of interest or pleasure

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42
Q

Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia) symptoms

A
  • Difficulty with decision making and concentration
  • Feeling hopeless
  • Poor self-esteem
  • Reduced energy levels
  • Problems regulating sleep
  • Problems regulating appetite
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43
Q

Bipolar disorder

A

A disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania. (Formerly called manic-depressive disorder)

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44
Q

Mania

A

A hyperactive, widely optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgement is common

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45
Q

In milder forms, mania’s energy and flood of ideas can fuel

A

creativity

46
Q

Major depressive disorder is ore dysfunctional than bipolar disorder

A

False, opposite (twice as much missed workdays claims by BPD, and potent predictor of suicide)

47
Q

Facts about depression

A
  1. Behavioral and cognitive changes accompany depression: Selectively attend to negative thoughts
  2. Depression is widespread
  3. Women’s risk of major depressive disorder is nearly double men’s
  4. Most major depressive episodes self-terminate
  5. Stressful events often precede depression
  6. Compared to past generations, depression strikes earlier ages and more people
48
Q

Genetic Influence in depressive disorders and bipolar disorder

A
  • If one identical twin is diagnosed with major depressive disorder, about 50% chance the other will be too (70% for bipolar disorder)
  • Overall heritability of major depressive disorder (around 40%)
49
Q

Depression can cause the brain’s reward centers to become

A

less active

50
Q

People with bipolar disorders may have a decrease in ___ and enlarged _____

A

myelinated axons, fluid-filled ventricles

51
Q

_____________ which increases arousal and boosts mood, is scare during depression and overabundant during mania

A

norepinephrine

52
Q

Two neurotransmitters scare during depression

A

serotonin, norepinephrine

53
Q

Nutrition effects on depression

A

Mediterranean dieters have a lower risk of health decline and depression.
Excessive alcohol use correlates with depression

54
Q

Social-Cognitive influence onto depression

A
  • Environmental influences can lay epigenetic marks that can influence depression
  • Self-defeating beliefs and negative explanatory style
55
Q

Epigenetic marks

A

Molecular genetic tags that can turn certain genes on or off

56
Q

Rumination

A

Compulsive fretting; overthinking our problems and their causes

57
Q

Women may be at more risk for depression due to their higher tendency in

A

rumination

58
Q

Explanatory style

A

Who or what they blame for their failures

59
Q

Three contrasting explanatory styles

A
  1. Stable (i’ll never get over this) vs. Temporary (I will get through this)
  2. Global (This affects everything) vs. Specific (This affects only part of me)
  3. Internal (my fault) vs. External (Not just my fault)
60
Q

Self-defeating beliefs may arise from

A

learned helplessness

61
Q

Cycle of depression

A

Stressful experiences -> Negative explanatory style -> Depressed Mood -> Cognitive behavioral changes ->

62
Q

Worldwide suicide rate yearly

A

around 800,000

63
Q

When are people most at risk of suicide

A

When they’re freshly emerging out of peak depression and start having energy

64
Q

Suicide statistics:
Nation
Racial
Gender
Age
Other Group
Season/Day of week

A

Nation: Higher US, Canada, and Australia than in Britain, Italy, Spain (In Europe, Highest rates in Belarus, lowest in Georgia)
Racial: White and Native American 2x than Black, Hispanics and Asians
Gender: Women attempt more but Men are 2-4 times likely to commit suicide (more lethal methods)
Age: Late adulthood (45-65)
Other: Higher in rich, nonreligous, single, widowed, divorced, witnesses of physical pain, LGBTQ, Alcohol use disorder
Day of week/Season: Mid week (Wednesdays), April and May and winter holidays

65
Q

Following highly publicized suicides, suicides tend to decrease

A

False

66
Q

NSSI

A

Nonsuicidal self-injury

67
Q

Schizophrenia

A

A disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished inappropriate emotional expression

68
Q

Schizophrenia refers not to _________ but to __________

A

a multiple personality split, the mind’s split from reality

69
Q

Psychotic disorder

A

A group of disorders marked by irrational ideas, distorted perceptions, and a loss of contact with reality

70
Q

Positive symptoms vs negative symptoms in schizophrenia

A

inappropriate behaviors are present vs. appropriate behaviors are absent

71
Q

Examples of positive symptoms in schizophrenia

A

hallucinations, talk in disorganized ways, inappropriate laughter, tears or rage

72
Q

Examples of negative symptoms in schizophrenia

A

absence of emotion in their voices, expressionless faces, unmoving bodies

73
Q

Hallucinations

A

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

74
Q

Hallucinations are false ______ Delusions are false ______

A

Perceptions, beliefs

75
Q

Delusion

A

A false belief, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders

76
Q

If someone has paranoid delusions, they may believe they are

A

being threatened or pursued

77
Q

Possible reasoning for disorganized thinking in schizophrenia

A

Selective attention difficulty

78
Q

Word Salad

A

Sentences and phrases which don’t form thoughts

79
Q

Psychosis is just a

A

disconnect from reality

80
Q

Flat affect

A

states of no apparent feeling

81
Q

Impaired theory of mind

A

Difficulty perceiving facial expressions and reading others’ states of mind

82
Q

Catatonia

A

Motor behaviors ranging from a physical stupor (remaining motionless for hours) to senseless, compulsive actions, such as continually rocking to severe and dangerous agitation

83
Q

Schizophrenia typically strikes this age group

A

young people maturing into adulthood

84
Q

Chronic schizophrenia

A

(aka process schizophrenia) a form of schizophrenia in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood. As people age, psychotic episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten

85
Q

Acute schizophrenia

A

(aka reactive schizophrenia) a form of schizophrenia that can begin at any age; frequently occurs in response to a traumatic event

86
Q

Recovery is more likely in ______ schizophrenia than _______ schizophrenia

A

Acute, chronic

87
Q

In researching brains of patients with schizophrenia, scientists found an excess number of ________ receptors, including a sixfold excess for the ____________

A

dopamine, dopamine receptor D4

88
Q

Some people with schizophrenia have abnormally high brain activity in the frontal lobes (T/F)

A

F, low

89
Q

PET scans showed that hallucinations in schizophrenia reported from a high activity in the __________ and paranoia from the ________

A

thalamus, amygdala

90
Q

Other brain abnormalities in schizophrenia

A

Enlarged, fluid-filled ventricles and a corresponding shrinkage and thinning of cerebral tissue
- Smaller cortex, hippocampus, corpus callosum

91
Q

Prenatal risk factors for schizophrenia

A

low birth weight, maternal diabetes, older paternal age, oxygen deprivation during delivery, famine, maternal flu,

92
Q

People with a sibling or parent with schizophrenia have a 1 in ____ chance of having schizophrenia as opposed to 1 in ____ otherwise (1 in ___ if its an identical twin)

A

10, 100, 2

Twins not only share genes, but prenatal environment

93
Q

MRIs of people with schizophrenia show

A

less dense grey matter

94
Q

Somatic symptom disorder

A

A psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause. (Formerly called somatoform disorder, see conversion disorder and illness anxiety disorder)

95
Q

Conversion disorder

A

(aka functional neurological symptom disorder) a disorder related to somatic symptom disorder in which a person experiences very specific, physical symptoms that are not compatible with recognized medical or neurological conditions

96
Q

Illness anxiety disorder

A

A disorder related to somatic symptom disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease (Formerly hypochondriasis)

97
Q

Dissociative disorders

A

controversial, rare disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts and feelings

98
Q

Dissociative Identity disorder (DID)

A

A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities (formerly called multiple personality disorder)

99
Q

Personality disorders

A

Inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

100
Q

Three clusters of personality disorders

A

Cluster A: “Odd or eccentric” odd behaviors or emotionless disengagement
Cluster B: “Emotional or Erratic” dramatic or impulsive behaviors
Cluster C: “Anxious or Fearful” Fearful sensitivity to rejection

101
Q

Body dysmorphic disorder

A

Preoccupation with perceived flaw

102
Q

Pain disorder

A

Complaints of chronic pain with no apparent cause (or malingering)

103
Q

Factitious Disorder (can be imposed on another)

A

Formerly “Munchausen syndrome” where a patient causes an illness and seeks treatment for it

104
Q

Dissociative amnesia

A

Characterized by retrospectively reported memory gaps. These gaps involve an inability to recall personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature

105
Q

Depersonalization disorder

A

Feel that you’re seeing yourself from outside your body or you sense that things around you are not real (or both)

106
Q

Cluster A Three Disorders

A

Paranoid personality disorder, Schizoid personality disorder, Schizotypal Personality Disorder

107
Q

Cluster B Four Disorders

A

Antisocial Personality Disorder, Borderline personality disorder, Histrionic Personality Disorder, Narcissistic Personality Disorder

108
Q

Cluster C Three Disorders

A

Avoidant Personality Disorder, Dependent Personality Disorder, Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

109
Q

Antisocial personality disorder

A

A personality disorder in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing even toward friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist

110
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A

An eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight; sometimes accompanied by excessive exercise

111
Q

Bulimia nervosa

A

An eating disorder in which a person’s binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) is followed by inappropriate weight-loss promoting behavior such as vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

112
Q

Binge-eating disorder

A

Significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory behavior that marks bulimia nervosa

ASD Senior Year (49 decks)

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