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ASD Senior Year > Chapter 6-9 Government and Politics Quiz > Flashcards

Chapter 6-9 Government and Politics Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

What is public opinion?

A

a collection of popular views about something (Ex. about a person, a local or national event, or a new idea.)

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2
Q

What is the purpose of polling?

A

To gather information on public opinion

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3
Q

Beliefs

A

Closely held ideas that support our values and expectations about life and politics.

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4
Q

Attitudes

A

Affected by our personal beliefs, represent the preferences we form based on our life experiences and values

ex. A person who has suffered racism or bigotry may have a skeptical attitude toward the actions of authority figures,

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5
Q

Political socialization

A

Process by which we are trained to understand and join a country’s political world

Tends to start very young

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6
Q

What are the basis’s of political alignment?

A
  • Support of beliefs
  • Support of socialization
  • Support of experience
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7
Q

Underlying beliefs and attitudes are most likely to change drastically as we age. True or False?

A

False, they are unlikely to change very much, unless we experience events that profoundly affect us.

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8
Q

What tends to drastically change public opinion?

A

Catastrophic events
(ex. terrorist attacks, economic depression)

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9
Q

Today, polling agencies have noticed that citizens’ beliefs have become far more ________, or widely opposed, over the last decade.

A

polarized

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10
Q

Polarization

A
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11
Q

Agent of Political Socialization

A

A source of political information intended to help citizens understand how to act in their political system and how to make decisions on political matters.

(ex. family, school, religious institutions, social media)

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12
Q

Example of a nation using an agent of socialization

A

China stresses nationalism in schools as a way to increase national unity.

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13
Q

Diffuse Support

A

the widespread belief that a country and its legal system are legitimate
Support characterized by:
- a high level of stability in politics
- acceptance of the government as legitimate
- a common goal of preserving the system.

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14
Q

The United States political system benefits from diffuse support

A

True, democracies require majority agreement in issues, thus, it is easier to progress given the majority is large

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15
Q

For many children, _______ is the first introduction to politics.

A

family (and then school)

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16
Q

How School becomes an Agent of Political Socialization

A
  1. Leaving out unsavory details to idealize political figures (Ex. Not telling students that George Washington owned slaves)
  2. Making political figures relatable to students (ex. Lincoln’s struggle to get an education)
  3. Teaching students to respect the government, laws, officers (ex. The Pledge of Allegiance)
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17
Q

How Religion becomes an Agent of Political Socialization

A
  1. Religion leaders often teach on matters of life, death, punishment, and obligation (ex. Opposing abortion because a religion’s concept of when life is conceived)
  2. Political candidates speak at religious centers and institutions in an effort to meet like-minded voters.
    (ex. Senator Ted Cruz announced his 2016 presidential bid at Liberty University, an evangelical Christian institution.)
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18
Q

How Friends and Peers become an Agent of Political Socialization

A
  1. We are more likely to trust our peers and friends with information
  2. Social Media presents data on what your friends and peers agree with (through likes)
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19
Q

How Media becomes an Agent of Political Socialization

A
  1. For a long time, served as gatekeepers of information, creating reality by choosing what to present
  2. Framing how information is presented (ex. Candidates described with negative adjectives, for instance, may do poorly on Election Day)
  3. Information presented as fact can contain covert or overt political material.
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20
Q

Why are newer forms of media weaker agents of political socialization that older ones?

A

Newer forms (like social media) cannot pick and choose information to present than older forms (like newpapers)

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21
Q

Covert content

A

Political information provided under the pretense that it is neutral.
ideologically slanted information presented as unbiased information in order to influence public opinion

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22
Q

Overt content

A

Political information that offers only one side of the political debate,

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23
Q

List the benchmarks of the U.S. political spectrum (from left to right)

A

Communism, socialism, liberal, center, conservative, authoritarian, Fascism

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24
Q

Fascism

A

Promotes total control of the country by the ruling party or political leader.

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25
Q

Authoritarianism

A

Promote leaders to have most control for the politics, military, and government of a country, and often the economy as well.

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26
Q

Conservatism

A

Hold tight to the traditions of a nation by balancing individual rights with the good of the community

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27
Q

Traditional conservatism

A

Supports the authority of the monarchy and the church, believing government provides the rule of law and maintains a society that is safe and organized.

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28
Q

Modern Conservatism

A

assuming elected government will guard individual liberties and provide laws. Modern conservatives also prefer a smaller government that stays out of the economy, allowing the market and business to determine prices, wages, and supply.

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29
Q

Classical liberalism

A

believes in individual liberties and rights. It is based on the idea of free will, that people are born equal with the right to make decisions without government intervention. It views government with suspicion, since history includes many examples of monarchs and leaders who limited citizens’ rights.

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30
Q

Modern Liberalism

A

focuses on equality and supports government intervention in society and the economy if it promotes equality. Liberals expect government to provide basic social and educational programs to help everyone have a chance to succeed.

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31
Q

Socialism

A

the government uses its authority to promote social and economic equality within the country.

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32
Q

Communism

A

a political and economic system in which, in theory, government promotes common ownership of all property, means of production, and materials to prevent the exploitation of workers while creating an equal society; in practice, most communist governments have used force to maintain control

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33
Q

How does communism differ in theory and in practice?

A

The theory assumes the move to communism is supported and led by the workers and citizens of a country.

In practice, human rights violations by governments of actual Communist countries make it appear the movement has been driven not by the people, but by leadership.

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34
Q

Straw Polls

A

Informal polls that collect opinions of a non-random population or group.

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35
Q

Steps for a poll to be completed scientifically

A
  1. Identify the desired population, or group, of respondents to interview.
  2. Researchers will begin to build a sample that is both random and representative.
  3. Interview a set number of citizens to create a reasonable sample of the population.
  4. Analyze the margin of error
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36
Q

Random sample

A

Consists of a limited number of people from the overall population, selected in such a way that each has an equal chance of being chosen.
(ex. home telephones)

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37
Q

Representative sample

A

Consists of a group whose demographic distribution is similar to that of the overall population.
(ex. Women)

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38
Q

Larger poll samples = More ________

A

Accuracy

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39
Q

Margin of error

A

A number that states how far the poll results may be from the actual opinion of the total population of citizens.

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40
Q

Lower the margin of error = more

A

Predictive ability of the poll

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41
Q

Types of face to face interviewing

A

Exit polls: Interviewer requesting information as voters leave the polls.

Focus groups: Often select random respondents from local shopping places or pre-select respondents from Internet or phone surveys. The respondents show up to observe or discuss topics and are then surveyed.

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42
Q

Problems in polling

A
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43
Q

Push polls

A

Politically biased campaign information presented as polls.

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44
Q

How do push polls work?

A

Respondents are called and asked a series of questions about their position or candidate selections. If a respondent’s answers are for the wrong candidate, the next questions will give negative information about the candidate in an effort to change the voter’s mind.

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45
Q

Two Methods of Forming Opinions About Politics

A
  1. Heuristics: Shortcuts or generalization in decisions (ex. Voting for a republican because you are a republican)
  2. Research: learning background information before making a decision.
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46
Q

Examples of heuristics in candidacy

A

A candidate’s political party affiliation, gender, race, socio-economic status, and interest-group affiliation
(Ex. Voting for a woman because you believe she will better understand political issues regarding women)

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47
Q

Political opinions based on heuristics tend to change when the cue changes

A

True

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48
Q

Political opinions based on research tend to change when the cue changes

A

False (but demographic cues still matter)

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49
Q

Political cultures

A

states had unique cultures and that different state governments instilled different attitudes and beliefs in their citizens,

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50
Q

Political elites

A

An important political opinion leader who alerts the public to changes or problems

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51
Q

Party system of the United States

A

Two-Party System (Traditionally)

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52
Q

Public Opinion is measured in

A

Approval Ratings

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53
Q

Approval Ratings

A
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54
Q

Differences in Presidental and Congress Approval Ratings

A

Presidental:
Higher
Usually regarding foreign and domestic events

Congress:
Lower
Mainly domestic events

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55
Q

The theory of delegate representation

A

Assumes the politician is in office to be the voice of the people.

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56
Q

Favorability Polls

A

Measured how positively voters felt about her as a candidate.

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57
Q

Bandwagon effect

A

The media pays more attention to candidates who poll well during the fall and the first few primaries

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58
Q

horserace coverage

A

day-to-day media coverage of candidate performance in the election

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59
Q

Bradley effect

A

the difference between a poll result and an election result in which voters gave a socially desirable poll response rather than a true response that might be perceived as racist

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60
Q

Leading Question

A

A question worded to lead a respondent to give a desired answer

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61
Q

Margin of error

A

a number that states how far the poll results may be from the actual preferences of the total population of citizens

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62
Q

Methods used to disenfranchise black voters

A

Literacy Tests, Grandfather Clauses, Poll Taxes

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63
Q

Disenfranchisement

A

To stop someone from voting

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64
Q

Grandfather Clause

A

Exempted individuals from taking literacy tests or paying poll taxes if they or their fathers or grandfathers had been permitted to vote prior to a certain point in time.

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65
Q

Events that were significant to voting rights

A

The ratification of the Twenty-Fourth Amendment in 1964 ended poll taxes

Voting Rights Act (VRA) in 1965

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66
Q

Voting Rights Act of 1965

A

Protected the rights of minority voters by prohibiting state laws that denied voting rights based on race.

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67
Q

Court decision that pretty much ended the Voting Rights Acts

A

Shelby County v. Holder (2013) effectively pushed decision-making and discretion for election policy in VRA states to the state and local level. Several such states subsequently made changes to their voter ID laws and North Carolina changed its plans for how many polling places were available in certain areas.

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68
Q

Voting Registration Laws

A
  • Complete an application
  • residency requirement
  • there may be an oath administered or more questions asked, such as felony convictions.
  • Provide government documents
  • Timeline of when to register varies
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69
Q

The National Voter Registration Act (1993) (AKA Motor Voter)

A

Enacted to expedite the registration process and make it as simple as possible for voters.
- The act required states to allow citizens to register to vote when they sign up for driver’s licenses and Social Security benefits.

Did not dramatically effect voter turnout

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70
Q

Oregon’s addition to Motor Voter act (2015)

A

When 18, automatically registered using driver’s license and state identification

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71
Q

Some State varying requirements to vote

A
  • 18 years old (all)
  • Not serving jail time
  • Voter’s oath
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72
Q

Voter turnout Calculation

A

Ballots collection/Who many could have voted

These can be categorized into subsections like age, race, gender

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73
Q

Voting-age population

A

Population of 18+

74
Q

Voting-eligible population

A

Citizens eighteen and older who, whether they have registered or not, are eligible to vote because they are citizens, and not imprisoned.

75
Q

Calculation for VEP

A

VAP - the state’s prison population and any other known group that cannot vote.

76
Q

Largest to smallest categories of voters turnout

A

Total Population, VAP, VEP, Registered, Votes in that year

77
Q

Factors that Encourange Voter Turnout

A
  • Whether they voted last year or registered
  • Targeting Voting Eligible, non registered population
  • Targeting young people and
  • Completed college degree
  • Higher income
78
Q

Least and most likely age ranges to vote

A

Least: 18-25
Most: 65-74

79
Q

Reasons why young people vote less

A
  • Frequent moving
  • School interruptions
  • Less interest in politics, therefore less targeted by politicians
  • ## Unaware of what government provides
80
Q

Demographics more likely to vote

A
  • White
  • College graduate
  • Income above $150000 a year
  • Woman
  • 65-74 years old
81
Q

Factors that decrease voter turnout

A
  • Non mandated participation
  • Requirement to show photo ID
  • Only on election day (busy schedules) (Tried to fix this with early voting)
  • Apathy (My vote doesn’t matter)
82
Q

Factors of becoming a political candidate

A
  • Will my local state or area support me politically
  • Is my children grown enough so I won’t have to balance the responsibility
  • Competitive or open seat
83
Q

Competitive Seat

A

describes a race where a challenger runs against the incumbent—the current office holder.

84
Q

Open Seat

A

One whose incumbent is not running for reelection.

85
Q

War Chest

A

Campaign accounts registered with the Federal Election Commission, and candidates are allowed to keep earlier donations if they intend to run for office again.

86
Q

Political action committees (PACs)

A

Organizations created to raise and spend money to influence politics and contribute to candidates’ campaigns

87
Q

super PACs

A

(Independent Expenditure-Only Committees)

Cannot:
contribute directly to a candidate
strategize with a candidate’s campaign.

Can:
raise and spend as much money as they please to support or attack a candidate, including running advertisements and hosting events.

88
Q

Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010)

A

led to the removal of spending limits on corporations

89
Q

Limits on Campaign Contributions

A

Individuals:
- $2,900 per candidate per election
- $5,000 to political action committees
- $36500 to national party committiee
- $109500 to Additional National Party Accounts per account per year

90
Q

Nomination Stage

A

States pay for election to nominate candidates

91
Q

Constitution shows how candidates are nominated, but not elected

A

False, opposite

92
Q

Primacy Elections

A
93
Q

Closed Primacy Election

A

only registered members of the political party selecting nominees may vote.

94
Q

Open primary election

A

Allows all voters to vote.

95
Q

A top-two primary

A

Pits all candidates against each other, regardless of party affiliation.

96
Q

Caucus

A

A meeting of party members in which nominees are selected informally. A form of candidate nomination that occurs in a town-hall style format rather than a day-long election; usually reserved for presidential elections

97
Q

Delegates

A

Party members who are chosen to represent a particular candidate at the party’s state- or national-level nominating convention

98
Q

Only states that are given express permission by the national parties to hold presidential primaries or caucuses in January or February

A

Iowa, New Hampshire, and South Carolina

99
Q

Convention Stage

A

State conventions are held, speeches are given

100
Q

Reasons to host traditional conventions

A
  1. the parties require that the delegates officially cast their ballots. Delegates from each state come to the national party convention to publicly state who their state’s voters selected as the nominee.
  2. Delegates will bring state-level concerns and issues to the national convention for discussion, while local-level delegates bring concerns and issues to state-level conventions.
  3. conventions are covered by most news networks and cable programs.
101
Q

The general election campaign period occurs between

A

mid-August and early November.

102
Q

Coattail effect

A

Gives members of a popular presidential candidate’s party an increase in popularity and raises their odds of retaining office.

103
Q

Campaign Strategies

A
  1. Name Recognition
  2. Visibility in the Public Eye
104
Q

Three forms of direct democracy used in the United States.

A

Referendum, Initiative, Recall

105
Q

Ballot fatigue

A

The result when a voter stops voting for offices and initiatives at the bottom of a long ballot

106
Q

Chronic minority

A

voters who belong to political parties that tend not to be competitive in national elections because they are too small to become a majority or because of the Electoral College system distribution in their state

107
Q

District System

A

The means by which electoral votes are divided between candidates based on who wins districts and/or the state

108
Q

Early Voting

A

an accommodation that allows voting up to two weeks before Election Day

109
Q

Electoral College

A

the constitutionally created group of individuals, chosen by the states, with the responsibility of formally selecting the next U.S. president

110
Q

incumbency advantage

A

the advantage held by officeholders that allows them to often win reelection

111
Q

incumbent

A

the current holder of a political office

112
Q

initiative

A

law or constitutional amendment proposed and passed by the voters and subject to review by the state courts; also called a proposition

113
Q

Midterm Elections

A

the congressional elections that occur in the even-numbered years between presidential election years, in the middle of the president’s term

114
Q

Platform

A

the set of issues important to the political party and the party delegates

115
Q

Recall

A

the removal of a politician or government official by the voters

116
Q

referendum

A

a yes or no vote by citizens on a law or candidate proposed by the state government

117
Q

shadow campaign

A

a campaign run by political action committees and other organizations without the coordination of the candidate

118
Q

straight-ticket voting

A

the practice of voting only for candidates from the same party

119
Q

voter fatigue

A

the result when voters grow tired of voting and stay home from the polls

120
Q

winner-take-all system

A

all electoral votes for a state are given to the candidate who wins the most votes in that state

121
Q

Most media are controlled by a

A

limited number of conglomerates.

122
Q

Conglomerate

A

a corporation made up of a number of companies, organizations, and media networks.

123
Q

Main four conglomerates of 2021

A

Comcast, Disney, ViacomCBS, Warner Bros. Discovery

124
Q

Review the chapters

A

Will do

125
Q

libel and slander occur only in cases where false information is

A

presented as fact

126
Q

Besides needed to be stated as fact, another reason bad mouthed media can get away is

A

it is up to the defamed individual or company to bring a lawsuit against the media outlet, and the courts have different standards depending on whether the claimant is a private or public figure.

127
Q

The government can censor any information from the media that is

A

classified

128
Q

Federal Communications Commission (FCC)

A

requires radio stations to apply for licenses, granted only if stations follow rules about limiting advertising, providing a public forum for discussion, and serving local and minority communities.

129
Q

Episodic framing

A

when a story focuses on isolated details or specifics rather than looking broadly at a whole issue.

130
Q

Thematic Framing

A

takes a broad look at an issue and skips numbers or details. It looks at how the issue has changed over a long period of time and what has led to it.

131
Q

agenda setting

A

the media’s ability to choose which issues or topics get attention

132
Q

beat

A

the coverage area assigned to journalists for news or stories

133
Q

citizen journalism

A

video and print news posted to the Internet or social media by citizens rather than the news media

134
Q

cultivation theory

A

the idea that media affect a citizen’s worldview through the information presented

135
Q

digital paywall

A

the need for a paid subscription to access published online material

136
Q

equal-time rule

A

an FCC policy that all candidates running for office must be given the same radio and television airtime opportunities

137
Q

fairness doctrine

A

a 1949 Federal Communications Commission (FCC) policy, now defunct, that required holders of broadcast licenses to cover controversial issues in a balanced manner

138
Q

framing

A

the process of giving a news story a specific context or background

139
Q

Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)

A

a federal statute that requires public agencies to provide certain types of information requested by citizens

140
Q

hypodermic theory

A

the idea that information is placed in a citizen’s brain and accepted

141
Q

indecency regulations

A

laws that limit indecent and obscene material on public airwaves

142
Q

libel

A

printed information about a person or organization that is not true and harms the reputation of the person or organization

143
Q

mass media

A

the collection of all media forms that communicate information to the general public

144
Q

minimal effects theory

A

the idea that the media have little effect on citizens

145
Q

muckraking

A

news coverage focusing on exposing corrupt business and government practices

146
Q

party press era

A

period during the 1780s in which newspaper content was biased by political partisanship

147
Q

priming

A

the process of predisposing readers or viewers to think a particular way

148
Q

prior restraint

A

a government action that stops someone from doing something before they are able to do it (e.g., forbidding someone to publish a book they plan to release)

149
Q

public relations

A

biased communication intended to improve the image of people, companies, or organizations

150
Q

reporter’s privilege

A

the right of a journalist to keep a source confidential

151
Q

slander

A

spoken information about a person or organization that is not true and harms the reputation of the person or organization

152
Q

soft news

A

news presented in an entertaining style

153
Q

sunshine laws

A

laws that require government documents and proceedings to be made public

154
Q

yellow journalism

A

sensationalized coverage of scandals and human interest stories

155
Q

bipartisanship

A

a process of cooperation through compromise

156
Q

critical election

A

an election that represents a sudden, clear, and long-term shift in voter allegiances

157
Q

divided government

A

a condition in which one or more houses of the legislature is controlled by the party in opposition to the executive

158
Q

first-past-the-post

A

a system in which the winner of an election is the candidate who wins the greatest number of votes cast, also known as plurality voting

159
Q

gerrymandering

A

the manipulation of legislative districts in an attempt to favor a particular candidate

160
Q

majoritarian voting

A

a type of election in which the winning candidate must receive at least 50 percent of the votes, even if a run-off election is required

161
Q

majority party

A

the legislative party with over half the seats in a legislative body, and thus significant power to control the agenda

162
Q

minority party

A

the legislative party with less than half the seats in a legislative body

163
Q

moderate

A

An individual who falls in the middle of the ideological spectrum

164
Q

party identifiers

A

individuals who represent themselves in public as being part of a party

165
Q

party organization

A

the formal structure of the political party and the active members responsible for coordinating party behavior and supporting party candidates

166
Q

party platform

A

the collection of a party’s positions on issues it considers politically important

167
Q

party polarization

A

the shift of party positions from moderate towards ideological extremes

168
Q

party realignment

A

a shifting of party alliances within the electorate

169
Q

party-in-government

A

party identifiers who have been elected to office and are responsible for fulfilling the party’s promises

170
Q

party-in-the-electorate

A

members of the voting public who consider themselves part of a political party or who consistently prefer the candidates of one party over the other

171
Q

personal politics

A

a political style that focuses on building direct relationships with voters rather than on promoting specific issues

172
Q

plurality voting

A

the election rule by which the candidate with the most votes wins, regardless of vote share

173
Q

political machine

A

an organization that secures votes for a party’s candidates or supports the party in other ways, usually in exchange for political favors such as a job in government

174
Q

political parties

A

organizations made up of groups of people with similar interests that try to directly influence public policy through their members who seek and hold public office

175
Q

precinct

A

the lowest level of party organization, usually organized around neighborhoods

176
Q

proportional representation

A

a party-based election rule in which the number of seats a party receives is a function of the share of votes it receives in an election

177
Q

reapportionment

A

the reallocation of House seats between the states to account for population changes

178
Q

redistricting

A

the redrawing of electoral maps

179
Q

safe seat

A

a district drawn so members of a party can be assured of winning by a comfortable margin

180
Q

sorting

A

the process in which voters change party allegiances in response to shifts in party position

181
Q

third parties

A

political parties formed as an alternative to the Republican and Democratic parties, also known as minor parties

182
Q

two-party system

A

a system in which two major parties win all or almost all elections

ASD Senior Year (49 decks)

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