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ASD Senior Year > AP Bio Exam 1 > Flashcards

AP Bio Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the properties of water that make it important to life?

A
  1. Cohesion/Adhesion
  2. Heat Capacity
  3. Lighter when frozen
  4. Versatile solvent
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2
Q

Why is cohesion and adhesion an important property in water?

A
  • High cohesion allows surface tension to form
  • Water adheres to objects that are polar
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3
Q

What is capillary action?

A

The adhesive forces of water and glass guide water up a tube against gravity, while cohesive forces bring the water along

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4
Q

Why is heat capacity an important property in water?

A
  • Water has the ability to hold heat really well
  • Its also difficult to heat up quickly (absorbs heat before it gets hot)
  • Important in climate change and oceans
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5
Q

How does water become lighter when frozen and why is it important?

A
  • When solid, the atoms align in a crystalline structure, evenly spaced, making it less dense.
  • This is why ice floats
  • Allows ice caps to form in the ocean
  • Water is most dense in a liquid state
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6
Q

Describe water as a solvent

A

Amazing solvent for polar/hydrophilic substances
- Very versatile

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7
Q

How do we measure heat

A

Change in temperature/mass

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8
Q

What is evaporative cooling?

A

When water turns into a gas, the heat is removed along with the water, making the surface cooler
- Think of sweating

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9
Q

What is specific heat?

A

The heat required to raise the temperature of the unit mass of a given substance by a given amount

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10
Q

Define Hydrophilic and give an example

A
  • Polar
  • Charged poles
  • Water bonds around it
  • Ex. Ethanol
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11
Q

Define Hydrophobic and give an example

A
  • Nonpolar
  • No charged poles
  • Pushed out of water from water’s cohesion forces
  • Ex. Oil
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12
Q

Acids

A
  • Increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
  • Hydrogen ions disassociate when mixed into solution
  • Ex. HCl
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13
Q

Bases

A

Reduces the hydrogen ion concentration
- Accept hydrogen ions
- Usually form -OH to attract hydrogen ions
- Ex. NH3

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14
Q

pH scale

A
  • Measures the concentration of H+ ions
  • 7: neutral
    below 7: Acid
    Above 7: Base
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15
Q

Buffer

A

Substance that minimizes changes in the concentration of H+ and OH- in the solution
ex. Carbonic Acid (H2CO3)

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16
Q

Why is carbon so important to life?

A
  • All organic compounds contain carbon
  • Carbon likes to bond often (4 open spaces)
  • Especially loves hydrogen
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17
Q

How many valence electrons does carbon have?

A

4 (tetravalence)
- It needs 4 more to fill up an octet

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18
Q

Describe the four diverse skeleton structure types of carbon

A

Length: It can extend in long carbon chains
c - c - c - c - c - c - c

Branching: It can branch in any way
c
c - c - c

Double-Bond Positions: It can double bond with other carbons (usually causing bends in the structure)

Rings: It can form rings
- Hexane, pentane, etc.

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19
Q

-ane

A

Single bonds

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20
Q

-ene

A

Double bonds

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21
Q

Meth-

A

1 carbon

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22
Q

Eth-

A

2 carbons

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23
Q

Prop-

A

3 carbons

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24
Q

But-

A

4 carbons

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25
Q

Cyclo-

A

Ring structure

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26
Q

What does a number mean when its in a chemical name?

A
  • Describes a location of a certain property
    Ex. 1-Butene
    The -ene means there’s a double bond. Where? One the first carbon link
    c = c - c - c
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27
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Combos of hydrogen and carbon
- The BEST way to store energy

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28
Q

What are structural isomers?

A

Same molecular formulas
Different arrangements

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29
Q

What are cis-trans isomers?

A

Cis: mirrored molecules on the same side
Trans: mirrored molecules on inverse sides

(google a picture)

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30
Q

Hydroxyl Group

A

-OH
(the suffix -ol indicates a hydroxyl)

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31
Q

Carbonyl Group

A

> C = O
*pardon my limited typing notation, google the structure

Ketone: Within structure
Aldehyde: End of structure

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32
Q

Carboxyl Group

A

-COOH

 = O - C
 -OH
  • Can act as a weak acid
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33
Q

Amino Group

A

-NH2
- Can act as a weak base
- Amines

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34
Q

Sulfhydryl Group

A

-SH
- Thiol

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35
Q

Phosphate Group

A

-OPO3 2-
-Organic Phosphate

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36
Q

How does ATP work?

A
  • Adenosine Triphosphate

ATP + H2O -> ADP + Pi + Energy

A phosphate group pops off and forms an inorganic phosphate and releases energy.

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37
Q

What is a monomer?

A

Small building-block molecules

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38
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A polymer is a long molecule consisting of many monomers

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39
Q

How does a dehydration reaction work?

A

A monomer removes an -OH and a linked polymer removes an -H (together H2O), and they bond together

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40
Q

How does a hydrolysis reaction work?

A

And H2O molecule breaks apart a polymer, joining on one with an -OH and the other with a -H

41
Q

What does every cell have? (four things)

A
  1. Plasma Membrane
  2. DNA
  3. Cytosol
  4. Ribosomes
42
Q

Differences between a prokaryote and a eukaryote

A

Pro:
- No membrane bound organelles
- No nucleus - nucleoid region where DNA is found
- Bacteria & Archaea

Euk:
- Tend to be larger than pro-
- Internal membrane bound organelles
- Protists, fungi, animals, & plants

43
Q

Plant Cells vs. Animal Cells

A

Plant Cells:
- Cell wall
- Chloroplasts
- Big central vacuoles

Animal Cells:
- No Cell wall
- Centrioles
- Small or no vacuoles

44
Q

Why is the size of cells so important?

A

The high surface area to low volume ratio allows for an efficient amount of material exchange through the membrane

45
Q

What are the four macromolecules?

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

46
Q

Carbohydrates

A
  • Carbonyl groups
  • Hydroxyl groups

Monosaccharides: Glucose, fructose

Disaccharides: Lactose Sucrose

Polysaccharides: Cellulose, Starch

Function: energy source, strengthens cell walls

47
Q

Lipids

A
  1. Triacylglycerol: (fats or oils) glycerol + three fatty acids
  2. Phospholipids: Glycerol + phosphate group + two fatty acids
  3. Steroids: Four fused rings with attached chemical groups
  • Energy source
  • Lipid bilayers of membranes
  • Hormones and cholesterol
48
Q

Proteins

A

Catalyze chemical reactions
Protect against disease
Store amino acids
Transport Substances
Coordinate Organismal responses
Receive signals from outside cell
Function in cell movement
Provide structural support

49
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

DNA and RNA

  • Stores hereditary information
50
Q

Nucleus

A

Structure: Nuclear envelope encloses the nucleus from cytoplasm
Function:
Animal or plant?:
Additional Info:
The nuclear envelope is a lipid bilayer
Nuclear lamina

51
Q

What can cross the membrane without any assistance?

A

Small nonpolar molecules hydrophobic (such as hydrocarbons, Co2, O2)

52
Q

Describe the three proteins in the cell membrane

A

Integral: Penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer

Peripheral: Not imbedded in the lipid bilayer. Loosely bound on the surface of membrane

Transport: Span the entire membrane

53
Q

Describe glycolipids and glycoprotein

A

Function as markers for cell to cell recognition

Glycolipids: carbohydrates covalently bonded to lipids (The y shaped ones)

Glycoproteins: Carbohydrates covalently bonded to proteins

54
Q

Three types of passive transport

A

Diffusion: Particles move from a high concentration to low concentration (concentration gradient)

Facilitated Diffusion: Helped to pass through bilayer through transport proteins

Osmosis: Diffusion of water in and out of the cell membrane
Water goes from low solute concentration to high solute concentration

55
Q

What is the preferred condition of animal and plant cells

A

Animal: Isotonic
Plant: Hypotonic

56
Q

Hypertonic

A

Water leaves cell

57
Q

Hypotonic

A

Water enters cell

58
Q

Isotonic

A

Water enters and leaves cell

59
Q

Turgid

A

Firm

60
Q

Flacid

A

Limp

61
Q

Plasmolyzed

A

As a plant cell shrivels the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall in pieces, causing wilting

62
Q

Lysed

A

Burst cell like a balloon

63
Q

Shriveled

A

Condensed cell

64
Q

Osmoregulation

A

The control of solute concentrations and water balance
ex. Paramecium living in fresh water to maintain a hypotonic state

65
Q

Describe the two types of transport proteins

A

Channel Proteins: Ion channels which open and closed from stimulus. One steady channel stream. (ex. potassium ions leaving in nerve cells)

Carrier Proteins: Change subtly in shape (The pacman looking one)

66
Q

Why does active transport require ATP?

A

Materials are moving against the concentration gradient

67
Q

How do sodium potassium pumps work?

A

High concentration of Na+ and K+ exchange across an active transport protein when the third phosphate group of ATP separates and stimulates the protein to open and close

68
Q

What is the electrochemical gradient?

A

Two forces that drive the diffusion of ions across a membrane:
1. Chemical force (ion concentration gradient)
2. Electrical force (Membrane potential on ion movement)

69
Q

Proton Pump

A

Electrogenic pumps that store energy by generating voltage (separating charges) across membranes

70
Q

Exocytosis

A

Secretion of molecules by fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane

71
Q

Endocytosis

A

Cell takes in molecules by forming new vesicles from the plasma membrane

72
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cell engulfs material through pseudopodia, forms a sac around it, and separates into the cell

73
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Cell continuously “gulps” droplets of extracellular fluid into tiny vesicles formed by infoldings of the plasma membrane

74
Q

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

A

Type of pinocytosis that helps cell acquire bulk quantities of specific substances detected by receptors.

75
Q

NUCLEUS

A
  • Found in Eukaryotic cells
  • Contains DNA organized into chromosomes
  • Cell’s control center regulates gene expression
76
Q

Ribosome

A
  • In prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic
  • Found in the cytoplasm
  • Consist of two subunits made of rRNA and proteins
  • Function as the site of protein synthesis
  • Read mRNA and assemble amino acids into proteins.
77
Q

ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM

A
  • Network of membrane-bound organelles within eukaryotic cells
  • It includes the ER, Golgi, lysosomes, and vesicles
  • It does protein synthesis, processing, and transport lipid metabolism, and waste disposal
78
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • Eukaryotic cells
  • LACKS ribosomes on its surface and looks tubular in structure
  • Functions in lipid synthesis and calcium ion storage.
79
Q

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

A
  • Eukaryotic cells
  • HAS ribosomes on its surface
  • Does protein synthesis, folding, and modification
80
Q

GOLGI APPARATUS

A
  • Eukaryotic cells
  • Flattened stacks of sacs
  • Function is to process, modify, and sort proteins and lipids for transport.
81
Q

Lysosomes

A
  • Animal cells
  • The cell’s garbage disposal
  • And kills foreign invaders
82
Q

Vacuoles

A
  • Plant cells and some protists
  • Sac like structures filled with water sugars or pigments
  • They store nutrients or maintain turgor pressure
83
Q

Endosymbiont theory

A

eukaryotic cells evolved from the incorporation of smaller prokaryotic cells, specifically mitochondria and chloroplasts, into a host cell

84
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • eukaryotic cells
  • Double membrane structure
  • Function is to make energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration.
85
Q

Chloroplasts

A
  • Plant cells and some protists
  • Contain chlorophyll, allowing them to capture light energy
  • Convert light energy to chemical energy in the form of glucose
  • Make oxygen as a byproduct
    (Photosynthesis)
86
Q

Cytoskeleton

A
  • Network of protein filaments
  • Eukaryotic cells
  • Make up the cell’s outer shape
87
Q

Cell wall

A
  • Rigid outer layer of plant cells
  • Makes structural support and protection
  • Able to maintain shape under turgor
88
Q

Plasmodesma

A

a narrow thread of cytoplasm that passes through the cell walls of adjacent plant cells and allows communication between them.

89
Q

Junctions in animal cells

A

Connections that help cells stick together, form barriers, and share information

90
Q

Nuclear envelope

A
  • Double membrane structure surrounding the nucleus
  • Separates it from cytoplasm
91
Q

Nuclear lamina

A
  • Network of proteins that structurally support the nuclear envelope
  • Maintain the shape and integrity of nucleus
92
Q

Chromatin

A
  • Complex of DNA and proteins found inside the nucleus of eukaryotic cells
  • Packages and organizes genetic material
93
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Proteins in cells that have sugars attached to them

94
Q

Transport vesicles

A

Small membrane-bound sacs that transport molecules and cell materials between different cells or parts of cells.

95
Q

Cilia

A

Hair-like bits on the surface of some eukaryotic cells

96
Q

Flagella

A

-Whip-like tail bits on some cells (like sperm)
- Allow movement

97
Q
A
98
Q
A

ASD Senior Year (49 decks)

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