AP Bio Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the properties of water that make it important to life?
A
- Cohesion/Adhesion
- Heat Capacity
- Lighter when frozen
- Versatile solvent
2
Q
Why is cohesion and adhesion an important property in water?
A
- High cohesion allows surface tension to form
- Water adheres to objects that are polar
3
Q
What is capillary action?
A
The adhesive forces of water and glass guide water up a tube against gravity, while cohesive forces bring the water along
4
Q
Why is heat capacity an important property in water?
A
- Water has the ability to hold heat really well
- Its also difficult to heat up quickly (absorbs heat before it gets hot)
- Important in climate change and oceans
5
Q
How does water become lighter when frozen and why is it important?
A
- When solid, the atoms align in a crystalline structure, evenly spaced, making it less dense.
- This is why ice floats
- Allows ice caps to form in the ocean
- Water is most dense in a liquid state
6
Q
Describe water as a solvent
A
Amazing solvent for polar/hydrophilic substances
- Very versatile
7
Q
How do we measure heat
A
Change in temperature/mass
8
Q
What is evaporative cooling?
A
When water turns into a gas, the heat is removed along with the water, making the surface cooler
- Think of sweating
9
Q
What is specific heat?
A
The heat required to raise the temperature of the unit mass of a given substance by a given amount
10
Q
Define Hydrophilic and give an example
A
- Polar
- Charged poles
- Water bonds around it
- Ex. Ethanol
11
Q
Define Hydrophobic and give an example
A
- Nonpolar
- No charged poles
- Pushed out of water from water’s cohesion forces
- Ex. Oil
12
Q
Acids
A
- Increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
- Hydrogen ions disassociate when mixed into solution
- Ex. HCl
13
Q
Bases
A
Reduces the hydrogen ion concentration
- Accept hydrogen ions
- Usually form -OH to attract hydrogen ions
- Ex. NH3
14
Q
pH scale
A
- Measures the concentration of H+ ions
- 7: neutral
below 7: Acid
Above 7: Base
15
Q
Buffer
A
Substance that minimizes changes in the concentration of H+ and OH- in the solution
ex. Carbonic Acid (H2CO3)
16
Q
Why is carbon so important to life?
A
- All organic compounds contain carbon
- Carbon likes to bond often (4 open spaces)
- Especially loves hydrogen
17
Q
How many valence electrons does carbon have?
A
4 (tetravalence)
- It needs 4 more to fill up an octet
18
Q
Describe the four diverse skeleton structure types of carbon
A
Length: It can extend in long carbon chains
c - c - c - c - c - c - c
Branching: It can branch in any way
c
c - c - c
Double-Bond Positions: It can double bond with other carbons (usually causing bends in the structure)
Rings: It can form rings
- Hexane, pentane, etc.
19
Q
-ane
A
Single bonds
20
Q
-ene
A
Double bonds
21
Q
Meth-
A
1 carbon
22
Q
Eth-
A
2 carbons
23
Q
Prop-
A
3 carbons
24
Q
But-
A
4 carbons
25
Cyclo-
Ring structure
26
What does a number mean when its in a chemical name?
- Describes a location of a certain property
Ex. 1-Butene
The -ene means there's a double bond. Where? One the first carbon link
c = c - c - c
27
What are hydrocarbons?
Combos of hydrogen and carbon
- The BEST way to store energy
28
What are structural isomers?
Same molecular formulas
Different arrangements
29
What are cis-trans isomers?
Cis: mirrored molecules on the same side
Trans: mirrored molecules on inverse sides
(google a picture)
30
Hydroxyl Group
-OH
(the suffix -ol indicates a hydroxyl)
31
Carbonyl Group
> C = O
*pardon my limited typing notation, google the structure
Ketone: Within structure
Aldehyde: End of structure
32
Carboxyl Group
-COOH
= O
- C
-OH
- Can act as a weak acid
33
Amino Group
-NH2
- Can act as a weak base
- Amines
34
Sulfhydryl Group
-SH
- Thiol
35
Phosphate Group
-OPO3 2-
-Organic Phosphate
36
How does ATP work?
- Adenosine Triphosphate
ATP + H2O -> ADP + Pi + Energy
A phosphate group pops off and forms an inorganic phosphate and releases energy.
37
What is a monomer?
Small building-block molecules
38
What is a polymer?
A polymer is a long molecule consisting of many monomers
39
How does a dehydration reaction work?
A monomer removes an -OH and a linked polymer removes an -H (together H2O), and they bond together
40
How does a hydrolysis reaction work?
And H2O molecule breaks apart a polymer, joining on one with an -OH and the other with a -H
41
What does every cell have? (four things)
1. Plasma Membrane
2. DNA
3. Cytosol
4. Ribosomes
42
Differences between a prokaryote and a eukaryote
Pro:
- No membrane bound organelles
- No nucleus - nucleoid region where DNA is found
- Bacteria & Archaea
Euk:
- Tend to be larger than pro-
- Internal membrane bound organelles
- Protists, fungi, animals, & plants
43
Plant Cells vs. Animal Cells
Plant Cells:
- Cell wall
- Chloroplasts
- Big central vacuoles
Animal Cells:
- No Cell wall
- Centrioles
- Small or no vacuoles
44
Why is the size of cells so important?
The high surface area to low volume ratio allows for an efficient amount of material exchange through the membrane
45
What are the four macromolecules?
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
46
Carbohydrates
- Carbonyl groups
- Hydroxyl groups
Monosaccharides: Glucose, fructose
Disaccharides: Lactose Sucrose
Polysaccharides: Cellulose, Starch
Function: energy source, strengthens cell walls
47
Lipids
1. Triacylglycerol: (fats or oils) glycerol + three fatty acids
2. Phospholipids: Glycerol + phosphate group + two fatty acids
3. Steroids: Four fused rings with attached chemical groups
- Energy source
- Lipid bilayers of membranes
- Hormones and cholesterol
48
Proteins
Catalyze chemical reactions
Protect against disease
Store amino acids
Transport Substances
Coordinate Organismal responses
Receive signals from outside cell
Function in cell movement
Provide structural support
49
Nucleic Acids
DNA and RNA
- Stores hereditary information
50
Nucleus
Structure: Nuclear envelope encloses the nucleus from cytoplasm
Function:
Animal or plant?:
Additional Info:
The nuclear envelope is a lipid bilayer
Nuclear lamina
51
What can cross the membrane without any assistance?
Small nonpolar molecules *hydrophobic* (such as hydrocarbons, Co2, O2)
52
Describe the three proteins in the cell membrane
Integral: Penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer
Peripheral: Not imbedded in the lipid bilayer. Loosely bound on the surface of membrane
Transport: Span the entire membrane
53
Describe glycolipids and glycoprotein
Function as markers for cell to cell recognition
Glycolipids: carbohydrates covalently bonded to lipids (The y shaped ones)
Glycoproteins: Carbohydrates covalently bonded to proteins
54
Three types of passive transport
Diffusion: Particles move from a high concentration to low concentration (concentration gradient)
Facilitated Diffusion: Helped to pass through bilayer through transport proteins
Osmosis: Diffusion of water in and out of the cell membrane
Water goes from low solute concentration to high solute concentration
55
What is the preferred condition of animal and plant cells
Animal: Isotonic
Plant: Hypotonic
56
Hypertonic
Water leaves cell
57
Hypotonic
Water enters cell
58
Isotonic
Water enters and leaves cell
59
Turgid
Firm
60
Flacid
Limp
61
Plasmolyzed
As a plant cell shrivels the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall in pieces, causing wilting
62
Lysed
Burst cell like a balloon
63
Shriveled
Condensed cell
64
Osmoregulation
The control of solute concentrations and water balance
ex. Paramecium living in fresh water to maintain a hypotonic state
65
Describe the two types of transport proteins
Channel Proteins: Ion channels which open and closed from stimulus. One steady channel stream. (ex. potassium ions leaving in nerve cells)
Carrier Proteins: Change subtly in shape (The pacman looking one)
66
Why does active transport require ATP?
Materials are moving against the concentration gradient
67
How do sodium potassium pumps work?
High concentration of Na+ and K+ exchange across an active transport protein when the third phosphate group of ATP separates and stimulates the protein to open and close
68
What is the electrochemical gradient?
Two forces that drive the diffusion of ions across a membrane:
1. Chemical force (ion concentration gradient)
2. Electrical force (Membrane potential on ion movement)
69
Proton Pump
Electrogenic pumps that store energy by generating voltage (separating charges) across membranes
70
Exocytosis
Secretion of molecules by fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane
71
Endocytosis
Cell takes in molecules by forming new vesicles from the plasma membrane
72
Phagocytosis
Cell engulfs material through pseudopodia, forms a sac around it, and separates into the cell
73
Pinocytosis
Cell continuously "gulps" droplets of extracellular fluid into tiny vesicles formed by infoldings of the plasma membrane
74
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
Type of pinocytosis that helps cell acquire bulk quantities of specific substances detected by receptors.
75
NUCLEUS
- Found in Eukaryotic cells
- Contains DNA organized into chromosomes
- Cell’s control center regulates gene expression
76
Ribosome
- In prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic
- Found in the cytoplasm
- Consist of two subunits made of rRNA and proteins
- Function as the site of protein synthesis
- Read mRNA and assemble amino acids into proteins.
77
ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
- Network of membrane-bound organelles within eukaryotic cells
- It includes the ER, Golgi, lysosomes, and vesicles
- It does protein synthesis, processing, and transport lipid metabolism, and waste disposal
78
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
- Eukaryotic cells
- LACKS ribosomes on its surface and looks tubular in structure
- Functions in lipid synthesis and calcium ion storage.
79
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
- Eukaryotic cells
- HAS ribosomes on its surface
- Does protein synthesis, folding, and modification
80
GOLGI APPARATUS
- Eukaryotic cells
- Flattened stacks of sacs
- Function is to process, modify, and sort proteins and lipids for transport.
81
Lysosomes
- Animal cells
- The cell’s garbage disposal
- And kills foreign invaders
82
Vacuoles
- Plant cells and some protists
- Sac like structures filled with water sugars or pigments
- They store nutrients or maintain turgor pressure
83
Endosymbiont theory
eukaryotic cells evolved from the incorporation of smaller prokaryotic cells, specifically mitochondria and chloroplasts, into a host cell
84
Mitochondria
- eukaryotic cells
- Double membrane structure
- Function is to make energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration.
85
Chloroplasts
- Plant cells and some protists
- Contain chlorophyll, allowing them to capture light energy
- Convert light energy to chemical energy in the form of glucose
- Make oxygen as a byproduct
(Photosynthesis)
86
Cytoskeleton
- Network of protein filaments
- Eukaryotic cells
- Make up the cell's outer shape
87
Cell wall
- Rigid outer layer of plant cells
- Makes structural support and protection
- Able to maintain shape under turgor
88
Plasmodesma
a narrow thread of cytoplasm that passes through the cell walls of adjacent plant cells and allows communication between them.
89
Junctions in animal cells
Connections that help cells stick together, form barriers, and share information
90
Nuclear envelope
- Double membrane structure surrounding the nucleus
- Separates it from cytoplasm
91
Nuclear lamina
- Network of proteins that structurally support the nuclear envelope
- Maintain the shape and integrity of nucleus
92
Chromatin
- Complex of DNA and proteins found inside the nucleus of eukaryotic cells
- Packages and organizes genetic material
93
Glycoproteins
Proteins in cells that have sugars attached to them
94
Transport vesicles
Small membrane-bound sacs that transport molecules and cell materials between different cells or parts of cells.
95
Cilia
Hair-like bits on the surface of some eukaryotic cells
96
Flagella
-Whip-like tail bits on some cells (like sperm)
- Allow movement
97
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