PSY 100 Ch 1 Flashcards
Who became the first women to receive a psychology PHD and the second to become an APA president?
Margaret Floy Washburn in 1921
Martin Seligman has called for more research on human flourishing. What is this approach to psychology called?
positive approach
What type of psychologist investigate the psychological, biological, and behavioral facts that promote or impair our health?
Health psychologist
What type of psychologist assess and treat mental, emotional and behavior disorders? (without drugs)
clinical psychologist
What type of psychologist scientifically explore how we perceive, process, and remember information and even why we can become anxious or depressed?
cognitive
What type of psychologist are experimenting with how we perceive, think, and solve problems?
cognitive
What is anything a human or nonhuman animal does? any action we can observe and record
behavior
What are the four big ideas in psychology?
critical thinking, biosychosocial approach, two track mind, and exploring human strengths
Psychology as we know it was born in what year and where?
1879 in a german university
Who created psychology as we know it in 1879?
Wilhelm Wundt
how was psychology defined for the early pioneers?
the science of mental life
Who (2) insisted that psychology must be “the scientific study of observable behavior”
John B. Watson and latter B. F. Skinner
What type of psychology emphasized our unconscious thoughts processed and our emotional response to childhood experiences?
freudian psychology
_____ psychologist, led by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow, found both freudian psychology and behaviorism too limiting.
Humanistic
What are the internal states we infer from behavior - such as thoughts, beliefs and feelings?
mental processes
What type of psychologist explore the links between the brain and mind?
biological
What type of psychologist study the changing abilities from womb to tomb?
Developmental
What type of psychologist help people cope with personal and career challenges by recognizing their strengths and resources?
counseling
What type of psychologist study and advise on behavior in the workplace?
industrial-organizational
What are he three levels of human behavior?
biological, psychological, and social-cultural
What are the two track mind levels?
conscious and unconscious
What is dual processing?
the two track mind idea
What is the the tendency to believe, after
learning an outcome, that we could have predicted it. (Also known as the I-knew-it-all-along
phenomenon.)
the hindsight bias
Our intuitive thinking is flawed by what three tendencies?
hindsight bias, overconfidence, and receiving patterns in random events
What makes scientific inquiry so useful
for detecting truth?
three basic attitudes: curiosity, skepticism,
and humility.
What, in science, explains behaviors or events by offering ideas that organize what we have observed?
theory
What makes a theory good?
its ability to produce testable predictions called hypotheses
How do psychologist prevent their biases when doing an experiment?
Create operational definitions that clearly define the factors and allow them to replicate their research
What are three methods to test a hypotheses?
descriptive method, correlation methods, and experimental methods
How are descriptive methods used to test a hypotheses?
by using case studies, naturalistic observations, or surveys
What is used to examine one individual or group in great depth, in the hope of revealing things true of us all?
a case study
What helps us figure how closely two things vary together, and thus how ell either one predicts the other?
a correlation coefficient
What type of correlation indicates a direct relationship, meaning that two things increase together or decrease together?
positive correlation (0 to 1.00)
What type of correlation indicates an inverse relationship?
negative (0 to -1.00)
What term refers to assigning participants to
experimental and control groups by chance, thus
minimizing any differences between the groups?
random assignment
What in an experiment, is the group exposed to the treatment or the independent variable?
experimental group
Which group in an experiment, is not exposed to treatment or the independent variable?
the control group
What is a procedure in which participants and the research staff are ignorant about who has received the treatment or a placebo?
a double blind procedure
What, in an experiment, is the factor that is manipulated? (the variable that might produce and effect)
independent variable
What, in and experiment, is a facto other than the independent variable that might produce an effect?
confounding variable
What, in an experiment, is the factor that is measured, the variable that may change when the independent variable is manipulated?
dependent variable
What is SQ3R?
survey, question, read, receive, review
