Emergency war surgery ch 7

Question 0

A nuclear weapon of 20 kilaton yield the same total energy output as how many TNT?

Answer 0

20,000 tons

Question 1

Total energy yield of nuclear weapons are rated in terms of equivalent amounts of what?

Answer 1

TNT

Question 2

A 1.0 megaton weapon has the energy output of how many tons of TNT?

Answer 2

1,000,000

Question 3

Energy is released by nuclear detonations in what three forms?

Answer 3

Thermal radiation
Blast
Ionizing radiation

Question 4

What are the three factors that effect the casualty producing potential of nuclear weapons?

Answer 4

Yield of the weapon
Environmental conditions
Distribution of troops in the target area

Question 5

Which output of a nuclear weapon is the most significant casualty producer?

Answer 5

Thermal output

Question 6

Under all circumstances which two outputs of a nuclear weapon will produce the most casualties?

Answer 6

Thermal and blast

Question 7

What two extra requirements exist if a nuclear weapon were used in theater?

Answer 7

Sorting of casualties

Holding of excess numbers

Question 8

What four types of patients belong in the holding area, during mass casualties, that are designed for patients who are not fit for field duty but not requiring full care type hospitalization as well as severely injured?

Answer 8

1. Minimal burns
2. Mild trauma cases
3. Mild chemical injury cases
4. Severely injured not expected to survive

Question 9

What type of hematologic injuries are caused by radiation?

Answer 9

Anemia
Infection
Bleeding
Delayed wound healing

Question 10

At higher doses of radiation dehydration will occur due to what?

Answer 10

Severe fluid and electrolyte loss through the intestinal walls

Question 11

Not in combined injuries, what will be used as a biological dosimeter to determine the amount of radiation exposure that has occurred?

Answer 11

Lymphocyte levels

Question 12

Lymphocyte levels in excess of 1,500/mm3 indicate what level of radiation exposure?

Answer 12

Minimal likelihood of significant dose

Question 13

Lymphocyte levels between 500 and 1,000/mm3 indicates what level of radiation exposure injury?

Answer 13

Severe radiation injury

Question 14

Lymphocyte levels less than 500/mm3 indicates what level of radiation exposure injury?

Answer 14

May prove fatal

Question 15

Lymphocyte levels are not detected indicates what type of radiation exposure injury?

Answer 15

Survival is very unlikely

Won’t survive more than two weeks

Question 16

What are the three tentative classifications used for early DX of radiation exposure?

Answer 16

Radiation injury unlikely
Radiation injury probable
Radiation injury severe

Question 17

Which symptoms are common for patients in the radiation level probable category?

Answer 17

Anorexia, nausea, vomiting

Question 18

What symptoms accompany the radiation injury severe category?

Answer 18

Nausea vomiting
Prompt explosive bloody diarrhea
Significant hypotension
Signs of neurological shock

Question 19

Nausea and vomiting occur when radiation exceeds what amount?

Answer 19

100 and 200 cGy centiGrays

Question 20

How soon does nausea and vomiting normally subside after exposure to radiation?

Answer 20

A day

Question 21

Vomiting and explosive diarrhea in the first hour of exposure indicate what?

Answer 21

Associated with a fatal dose

Question 22

Do patient who have radiation exposure pose a substantial health risk to medical personnel?

Answer 22

No

Question 23

Cases of 20% or less of body surface burned my nuclear explosion should be treated where?

Answer 23

Outpatient or minimal care facility

They can’t return to their unit

Question 24

Cases of more than __% of burns from a nuclear blast and have a decreased likelihood of survival and should be given low priority for surgery.

Answer 24

50%

Question 25

Describe what causes direct blast injuries.

Answer 25

Due to over pressure effects

Question 26

Describe the cause of indirect blast injuries.

Answer 26

Drag forces of the winds accompanying the blast wave

Question 27

Which type of blast injury cause is rare and why?

Answer 27

Direct because most patients will die

Question 28

What are the two basic forms of ionizing radiation produced?

Answer 28

Electromagnetic and particulate

Question 29

What are the two forms ionizing radiation that are clinically important?

Answer 29

Gamma

Neutron

Question 30

What type of radiation is emitted at the time of detonation?

Answer 30

Prompt radiation

Question 31

Residual radiation is that which persist how long after the explosion?

Answer 31

After the first min

Question 32

Within a few hours after prompt exposure, all patients, regardless of which syndrome follows, pass through what five nonspecific symptoms?

Answer 32

Malaise
Weakness
Anorexia
Vomiting
Diarrhea

Question 33

What is the clinical course of neurovascular syndrome?

Answer 33

Progressive depression leading to coma and finally death