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Clinical Pathology > Prac 2: Haematology > Flashcards

Prac 2: Haematology Flashcards

1
Q

Where do the platelets end up in the haematocrit tube?

A

At the top of the buffy coat

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2
Q

Is it plasma or serum in a haematocrit tube?

A

Plasma

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3
Q

How much does 1% buffy coat equal in terms of white cell count?

A

First 1% is 10 x 10^9, and every percent after is 20 x 10^9

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4
Q

When do you need a conversion chart for plasma protein?

A

If scale only shows refractive index

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5
Q

After haemorrhage, by what time does PCV reach its lowest point?

A

24 hours

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6
Q

Is PCV and protein are both low, how long ago was the haemorrhage?

A

Ongoing or less than 4 hours

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7
Q

Which conditions cause hyperglobulinaemia?

A

Myeloma, some B cell lymphomas, some infectious diseases

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8
Q

What blood should you use to make a smear?

A

Whole blood or EDTA

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9
Q

Why should you not use heparinised blood for a smear?

A

Different staining

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10
Q

How long should you mix the sample before making a smear?

A

60 seconds

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11
Q

When should you hold the spreader slide at a greater angle?

A

If anaemic

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12
Q

How much of the slide should the blood film take up?

A

2/3

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13
Q

Where will leucocytes end up in a poor slide?

A

Ends and sides of the spread

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14
Q

Which species has no central pallor on RBCs?

A

Cats

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15
Q

What is platelet size like in cats compared to dogs?

A

Variable

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16
Q

Which species has no polychromatophils?

A

Horses and cows

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17
Q

How common are Rouleaux in horses?

A

Very

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18
Q

In which species can Dohle bodies be normal?

A

Cats

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19
Q

In which species can acanthocytes be normal?

A

Cows, dogs

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20
Q

What are RBCs like in goats?

A

Small, poikilocytosis common

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21
Q

What shape are red cells in Alpaca?

A

Oval

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22
Q

In which species are echinocytes common?

A

Pigs

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23
Q

Which species has high numbers of polychromatophils?

A

Mouse

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24
Q

What do rabbit neutrophils look like?

A

Contain red granules (heterophils)

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25
Q

Which stain for reticulocytes?

A

Methylene blue

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26
Q

Which kind of reticulocytes in dogs and large animals?

A

Aggregate

27
Q

Which kind of reticulocytes in cats?

A

Aggregate and punctate

28
Q

What usually causes crenation?

A

Excess EDTA or uraemia

29
Q

What condition can Rouleax be associated with?

A

Hyperglobulinaemia

30
Q

In which species can low numbers of Howell-Jolly bodies be normal?

A

Cats (and dogs and horses)

31
Q

In what conditions do Howell-Jolly bodies increase?

A

Regenerative anaemias and splenectomy

32
Q

In what conditions are target cells seen?

A

Regenerative anaemias, iron deficiency, liver dysfunction

33
Q

Why do target cells have increased membrane:Hb ratio?

A

Low Hb content

34
Q

What causes basophilic stippling of cells?

A

Ribosomes

35
Q

Which species and condition usually causes basophilic stippling?

A

Regenerative anaemias in ruminants

36
Q

What conditions should you consider if basophilic stippling but no polychromasia/reticulocytosis in ruminants?

A

Lead poisoning

37
Q

Where are RBC clumps sequestered?

A

Liver and spleen

38
Q

Why does Heinz bodies form?

A

Oxidation of SH groups in the globin chain so Hb precipitate attached to inside of membrane

39
Q

What % of Heinz bodies is normal in cats?

A

5-10%

40
Q

What conditions can cause Heinz bodies in cats?

A

Diabetes, hyperthyroidism, hepatic lipidosis

41
Q

WHat causes a spherocyte?

A

BC membrane partially phagocytosed by macrophage so can’t maintain biconcave shape

42
Q

WHich are the only species where you can see spherocytes?

A

Dogs (due to central pallor)

43
Q

Where in the smear are spherocytes found?

A

At the tail

44
Q

Which four conditions can be assocaited with spherocytosis?

A

IMHA, PFK deficiency, zinc toxicity, envenomation

45
Q

Which disorders can cause acanthocytes?

A

Those causing erythrocyte fragmentation and liver disease

46
Q

Which disorders cause schistocytes?

A

Those causing RBC fragmentation

47
Q

What does Babesia look like on a blood smear?

A

Paired intracellular

48
Q

What is sensitivity like for Babesia on a blood smear?

A

Low

49
Q

What does mycoplasma look like on a blood smear?

A

Small coccoid on edge of or within cells, sometimes in chains

50
Q

In which conditions do you see right shift?

A

Chronic inflamm or steroids

51
Q

Why do steroids cause right shift?

A

Prevent adhesions and migration of neutrophils into tissue

52
Q

How old are right shifted cells?

A

Old

53
Q

What proportion of the maximal diameter of the nucleus is the indentation of the nucleus of band neutrophils?

A

1/3

54
Q

What are Dohle bodies made of?

A

Blue aggregates of RNA

55
Q

WHich are the only neutrophils to undergo toxic changes?

A

Those in the peripheral blood

56
Q

What kind of diseases usually cause toxic change?

A

Infectious disease associated with accelerated granulopoiesis

57
Q

What are some examples of toxic changes?

A

Dohle bodies, vacuolation, granulation, giant neutrophils, doughnut nuclei

58
Q

What does Ehrlichia look like on blood smear?

A

Morulae within neutrophil cytoplasm

59
Q

Which species has rod shaped cytoplasmic granules in eosinophils?

A

Cats

60
Q

How big are reactive lymphocytes?

A

Same size or larger than neutrophils

61
Q

How do you differentiated acute lymphoid and myeloid leukaemias?

A

Flow cytometry as cells look similar

62
Q

What do lymphocytes in acute leukaemias look like?

A

Large (larger than a neutrophil), and large prominent nucleoli

63
Q

What do eosinophils look like in horses?

A

Large blobs in the cytoplasm

Clinical Pathology (30 decks)

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