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Clinical Pathology > 12: Leukaemias and Lymphomas > Flashcards

12: Leukaemias and Lymphomas Flashcards

1
Q

How does fat in the bone marrow change with age?

A

Increases

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2
Q

What % of the bone marrow do megakaryocytes, granulocytes and erythroid cells make up?

A

Less than 50%

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3
Q

Under what clinical signs should you look at bone marrow?

A

Cytopenia, cytosis, atypical cells, staging neoplastic disease, unknown pyrexia

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4
Q

WHy do you need a CBC when interpreting bone marrow?

A

To see if bone marrow response is appropriate

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5
Q

What is bone marrow doing in leukaemia?

A

Producing immature/abnormal leukocytes by clonal expansion

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6
Q

What are common haematology findings in leukaemia?

A

Anaemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, circulating neoplastic cells

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7
Q

What are the two types of leukaemia?

A

Lymphoid (B or T) or myeloid-erythroid/granulo/mono/megakaryocytic

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8
Q

Why is it hard to tell which type of leukaemia it is?

A

Look the same on blood smear

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9
Q

What are cells like in acute leukaemia?

A

Large, immature, over 20% blast, heavy infiltrate

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10
Q

What age animals get acute leukaemia?

A

Young

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11
Q

What are clinical signs like in acute leukaemia?

A

Severe

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12
Q

What is progression and prognosis in acute leukaemia?

A

Progress rapidly, poor prognosis

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13
Q

Do you get other cytopenias in acute leukaemia?

A

Yes, common

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14
Q

In which leukaemia are cells well-differentiated?

A

Chronic

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15
Q

Which age gets chronic leukaemia?

A

Older

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16
Q

What is progression and prognosis in chronic leukaemia?

A

Slow progression, better prognosis

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17
Q

Which other cytopenias are there is chronic leukaemia?

A

Mild or no

18
Q

What is infiltrate like in chronic leukaemia?

A

Milder

19
Q

How does number of atypical cells correlate with bone marrow infilatration?

A

Doesn’t always

20
Q

What is a complication of chronic leukaemia?

A

“Blast crisis” and becomes acute

21
Q

What is the leukaemoid response?

A

Marked neutrophilia, left shift, toxic change

22
Q

What causes the leukaemoid response?

A

Inflammation

23
Q

Why do multiple myelomas present with bone pain?

A

Bone lysis

24
Q

Is multiple myeloma leukaemic?

A

No

25
Q

What does multiple myeloma present with on bloods?

A

Paraneoplastic hyperglobulinaemia or hyperCa

26
Q

What is lymphoma?

A

Lymphocyte proliferation outside the bone marrow

27
Q

What kind of lymphoma do dogs get?

A

Multicentric

28
Q

What kind of lymphoma do cats get?

A

Extranodal esp nasal, GI, renal

29
Q

What is a lymphadenopathy?

A

Disease affecting lymph nodes

30
Q

What causes of lymphadenopathy must you differentiate between?

A

Reactive and neoplasic

31
Q

Why should you not sample very large lymph nodes?

A

Can be necrotic or haemorrhagic

32
Q

What % small lymphocytes do normal lymph nodes have?

A

90%

33
Q

How many med/large cells are in normal lymph nodes?

A

Not many

34
Q

How many plasma cells are in normal lymph ndoes?

A

Occasional

35
Q

How many inflammatory cells are in normal lymph nodes?

A

Rare

36
Q

What causes a reactive/hyperplastic lymph node?

A

Inflammation or immune stimulation

37
Q

What kind of cells do you see in a reactive/hyperplastic lymph node?

A

Mitotic figures, more inflammatory and plasma cells, more intermediate and large lymphocytes but still less than 50%

38
Q

Which species commonly get large cell lymphoma?

A

Dogs

39
Q

What cells predominate in large cell lymphoma?

A

Similar, large lymphocytes

40
Q

What cell features do you see in large cell lymphoma?

A

Mitotic figures, lymphoglandular bodies, tingible body macrophages

Clinical Pathology (30 decks)

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