12: Leukaemias and Lymphomas Flashcards
How does fat in the bone marrow change with age?
Increases
What % of the bone marrow do megakaryocytes, granulocytes and erythroid cells make up?
Less than 50%
Under what clinical signs should you look at bone marrow?
Cytopenia, cytosis, atypical cells, staging neoplastic disease, unknown pyrexia
WHy do you need a CBC when interpreting bone marrow?
To see if bone marrow response is appropriate
What is bone marrow doing in leukaemia?
Producing immature/abnormal leukocytes by clonal expansion
What are common haematology findings in leukaemia?
Anaemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, circulating neoplastic cells
What are the two types of leukaemia?
Lymphoid (B or T) or myeloid-erythroid/granulo/mono/megakaryocytic
Why is it hard to tell which type of leukaemia it is?
Look the same on blood smear
What are cells like in acute leukaemia?
Large, immature, over 20% blast, heavy infiltrate
What age animals get acute leukaemia?
Young
What are clinical signs like in acute leukaemia?
Severe
What is progression and prognosis in acute leukaemia?
Progress rapidly, poor prognosis
Do you get other cytopenias in acute leukaemia?
Yes, common
In which leukaemia are cells well-differentiated?
Chronic
Which age gets chronic leukaemia?
Older
What is progression and prognosis in chronic leukaemia?
Slow progression, better prognosis
Which other cytopenias are there is chronic leukaemia?
Mild or no
What is infiltrate like in chronic leukaemia?
Milder
How does number of atypical cells correlate with bone marrow infilatration?
Doesn’t always
What is a complication of chronic leukaemia?
“Blast crisis” and becomes acute
What is the leukaemoid response?
Marked neutrophilia, left shift, toxic change
What causes the leukaemoid response?
Inflammation
Why do multiple myelomas present with bone pain?
Bone lysis
Is multiple myeloma leukaemic?
No
What does multiple myeloma present with on bloods?
Paraneoplastic hyperglobulinaemia or hyperCa
What is lymphoma?
Lymphocyte proliferation outside the bone marrow
What kind of lymphoma do dogs get?
Multicentric
What kind of lymphoma do cats get?
Extranodal esp nasal, GI, renal
What is a lymphadenopathy?
Disease affecting lymph nodes
What causes of lymphadenopathy must you differentiate between?
Reactive and neoplasic
Why should you not sample very large lymph nodes?
Can be necrotic or haemorrhagic
What % small lymphocytes do normal lymph nodes have?
90%
How many med/large cells are in normal lymph nodes?
Not many
How many plasma cells are in normal lymph ndoes?
Occasional
How many inflammatory cells are in normal lymph nodes?
Rare
What causes a reactive/hyperplastic lymph node?
Inflammation or immune stimulation
What kind of cells do you see in a reactive/hyperplastic lymph node?
Mitotic figures, more inflammatory and plasma cells, more intermediate and large lymphocytes but still less than 50%
Which species commonly get large cell lymphoma?
Dogs
What cells predominate in large cell lymphoma?
Similar, large lymphocytes
What cell features do you see in large cell lymphoma?
Mitotic figures, lymphoglandular bodies, tingible body macrophages
