19 + 20: Cytology Flashcards
What gram stain are most cocci?
+ve
Are staphs and streps found in clusters or chains?
Staph in clusters, strep in chains
What gram stain are most small rods?
-ve
Which bacteria look like filamentous rods?
Actinomyces or Norcardia
Are most large rods pathogenic or non-pathogenic?
Non-pathogenic
How do you tell the difference between infection and contamination?
If infection, the bacteria is within the neutrophils and the neutrophils are degenerate. If contamination, the bacteria are extracellular, the population is mixed and there is no inflammatory response
What % of cells a mononuclear in chronic inflammation?
40%
What do a neoplastic MGN look like?
Variable nuclei
What does an activated macrophage look like?
Vacuoles in the cytoplasm
What does crypto in cats look like on cytology?
Signs of chronic inflamation and round crypto cells with a thick capsule
Which cells form the thick capsule of a granuloma?
FIbrocytes
What can the fibrocytes of a granuloma be confused with?
Fibrosarcoma
How do you tell the difference between a granuloma and a fibrosarcoma?
Fibrocytes in both, but other inflammatory cells in a granuloma
Which kind of diagnosis is hard without histo?
Skin disease - need architecture
What are two conditions where you can see eosinophils?
Insect bite, granuloma
What are the three cell types neoplasias can be?
Round cell, spindle cell, epithelial
How can you tell an FNA of a lipoma vs liposarcoma apart?
Both have vacuolated cytoplasm and nucleus at side. But in liposarcoma the cells can be binucleate.
What do inclusion cysts contain?
Keratin/cholesterol
Which cells can you see in an inclusion cyst?
Keratinised
What do basal cell tumours look like?
Benign and uniform
What can you see on histo in SCC?
Keratin pearls
In which species do you see “tadpole cells” in SCC?
Horse, dog, not cats
What are the cells like in SCC?
Large nuclei, can be binucleate, keratinocytes retain nucleus and don’t degenerate like they should, anisocytosis, neutrophils
What features do you see in histiocytoma?
Round cells, binucleate, epidermis goes down into dermis in long pegs
What features do you see in malignant histiocytic sarcoma?
Anisocytosis, karyocytosis, binucleate, mitotic figures
What % of lymphomas have hyperCa?
50%
Which kind of lymphomas will metastasize if not removed fast?
T cell
What do plasma cells look like?
Bluish cytoplasm, eccentric nucleus
Are plasma cell tumours usually benign or malignant?
Benign
What do malignant plasma cell tumours look like?
Lots of globulin, binucleate, mitotic, “flame cells”
What do you see on electrophoresis in a malignant plasma cell tumour?
Increased total protein with monoclonal peak on electrophoresis
What do low grade melanocytes look like?
Black granules
What do high grade melanocytes look like?
Prominent nucleoli, occasionally melanin granules
How do you identify an amelanotic melanoma?
Stain
Where are amelanotic melanomas found?
Oral and interdigital
What do mast cell tumours look like?
Lots of granules (esp higher grade), sometimes no granules, anisocytosis, anisokaryosis
What do mesenchymal cells look like?
Spindle shaped, poorly defined borders, oval nucleus, small round nucleolus
What is the most likely diagnosis for a mesenchymal cell tumour?
Fibrosis or benign fibroma
What are some features of a malignant mesenchymal cell tumour?
Anisocytosis, anisokaryosis, prominent nucleoli, still spindle shaped,
What are the features of a perinanal gland adenoma?
Central nucleus, lots of cytoplasm, look like hepatocytes
What are the features of a malignant adenocarcinoma?
Lots cytoplasm with vacuoles, multinucleation, remodelling, prominent nucleoli
