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Clinical Pathology > 16: Testing for Infectious Diseases > Flashcards

16: Testing for Infectious Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What is difference between dermatomycosis and dermatophytosis?

A

Mycosis = any fungus, phytosis = ringworm

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2
Q

What are the requirements to culture a virus?

A

Functional virus particle, stable outside host, virus transport medium, cell line supports replication and monolayer on plastic

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3
Q

What are three viruses that are stable outside the host?

A

Parvovirus, calicivirus, cowpox

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4
Q

What is the cytopathic effect?

A

Cellular toxicity due to virus replication

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5
Q

What are the disadvantages or trying to culture a virus?

A

Takes 2-3 weeks, need specialist facilities

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6
Q

Which clinical sample do you take for parvo?

A

Faeces

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7
Q

Which clinical sample do you take for cowpox?

A

Skin lesion

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8
Q

How do you confirm virus presence has cause aggultination?

A

Haemagglutination inhibition - add antiserum

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9
Q

What is a polyclonal antibody?

A

To different epitopes

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10
Q

What is a monoclonal antibody?

A

Single epitope by single clone of B cell

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11
Q

What clinical sample for in-house FeLV test?

A

Blood, saliva, tears

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12
Q

How do in-house FeLV kits work?

A

Rapid immunomigration (RIM) or ELISA

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13
Q

How do in-house parvo kits work?

A

ELISA

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14
Q

What is a disadvantage of PCR?

A

False +ve due to contamination

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15
Q

How sensitive is PCR?

A

Very

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16
Q

WHat may cause a false negative on PCR?

A

Intermittent shedding

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17
Q

How long do materal antibodies last?

A

6-8 weeks, some up to 6 months

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18
Q

Which Ig is present in early infection?

A

IgM

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19
Q

What -fold rise in titre is significant?

A

4-fold

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20
Q

Which antibody rises after IgM?

A

IgG

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21
Q

Which test can you do to test titre of antibody?

A

Virus neutralisation (last dilution that prevents plaque formation)

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22
Q

Which cat viruses do you use PCR to detect?

A

herpes, chlamydia, calicivirus

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23
Q

Which cat viruses do you use virus isolation to detect?

A

calicivirus, herpesvirus

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24
Q

Is FeLV a virus antigen test or antibody test?

A

virus antigen

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25
Is FIV a virus antigen test or antibody test?
antibody
26
How do you confirm an FIV positive test?
IF, PCR, Western blotting
27
What do you do if you get an FeLV positive?
Retest in 12 weeks
28
if FeLV is negative on a blood test, what other test can you try?
Bone marrow PCR
29
Why is virus isolation of coronavirus very difficult?
Virus very fragile
30
Why is PCR for FIP a diagnostic challenge?
Can't differentiate between FIP and feline enteric coronavirus
31
What can you test in the pleural/peritoneal effusion for FIP?
Antibody titre and PCR
32
When is antibody titre and PCR for FIP diagnostic?
If positive margin of error is high
33
What can cause false -ve on a virus test?
Strain variation
34
What can cause false -ve on a antibody test?
Antigen excess
35
What can cause false +ve on an antibody test?
Cross reactive antibodies, anti-mouse antibodies in cats, anti-cell culture antibodies
36
What can cause a false -ve for a bacterial disease?
Antibiotic treatment
37
Which samples can you use a blood culture for?
Blood, CSF, synovial
38
How long can you keep urine in boric acid for culture?
72 hours
39
How long can anaerobic cultures survive in air?
20 mins
40
What temperature should you keep an anaerobic sample?
Cool, but not refrigerated
41
Where is E Coli pathogenic?
Conjunctivitis, otitis externa
42
What are the two ways of testing for antibiotic sensitivity?
Broth dilution MIC or agar gel disc diffusion
43
What are two limitations of sensitivity testing?
You can only test aerobic bacteria, and in vivo tissue penetration varies
44
Why are characteristics of mycobacteria?
Gram +ve, acid fast
45
Why organs can mycobacteria infect?
Systemic or cutaneous
46
Why is intradermal tuberculin testing not recommended in cats?
inconsistent, infrequent | or transient reactions
47
Where do you perform the BCG test in dogs?
Inner surface of pinna
48
When can you get a false +ve for BCG in dogs?
cross-reactivity | with other bacterial species
49
Why is serology for mycobacterial disease unreliable?
antibodies to mycobacteria crossreact with | bacteria, fungi and protozoa
50
How do you diagnose mycobacterial disease?
Bacterial isolation from smear and tissue or stain
51
What technique can you use for mycobacterial speciation?
PCR
52
Which species mainly causes ringworm?
Microsporum canis
53
Which species are important ringworm carriers?
Asymptomatic cats
54
Which brush can you use to get a fungal culture?
Mackenzie
55
How should you store a sample for ringworm identification?
Non-airtight container
56
Which culture mediums can you use for ringworm?
Sabouraud’s agar or dermatophyte test medium
57
How long does culture from Sabouraud’s agar take?
3-4 weeks
58
How long does culture from dermatophyte test medium take?
5-7 days
59
What's the problem with dermatophyte test medium?
False negative, difficult identification
60
What other commensal does Malassezia have a symbiotic relationship with?
Staphylococci
61
How common is malassezia in cats?
Rare
62
What predisposes to candida?
Prolonged antibiotic treatment, | immunodeficiency and immunosupression
63
How do you submit swabs for yeast culture?
Bacterial transport medium
64
What's a problem with cello tape preparations?
Difficult to stain
65
How many organisms per 400x field are significant for impression smears?
1 or more
66
How many organisms per 400x field are significant for ear swabs?
Over 10
67
Which species causes nasal aspergillosis?
A fumigatus
68
How can you test for aspergillus antigen?
Serum or ELISA
69
What's the problem with agar gel immunodiffusion for aspergillus serology?
False positives
70
What's the problem with nasal flush and fungal culture for aspergillus diagnosis?
Often -ve
71
Which species gets crytococcus neoformans?
Cats in USA
72
Which organs does crytococcus neoformans infect?
CNS, respiratory tract, skin, eye
73
What's one problem with cryptococcus neoformans diagnosis?
Zoonosis
74
How can you diagnose cryptococcosis?
Culture, serology (agglutination, ELISA), cytology, histo
75
Which antigen do you look for to diagnose cryptococcosis?
Capsular antigen

Clinical Pathology (30 decks)

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