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Clinical Pathology > 3: Haematology 1 > Flashcards

3: Haematology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Which tube is preferred for haematology?

A

EDTA

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2
Q

Why are citrate tubes used in cats?

A

Reduces platelet clumping

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3
Q

Why is heparin used for exotics?

A

Can’t get much blood and can also be used for biochemistry

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4
Q

What’s a problem with using heparin?

A

Poor staining of WBCs on smears

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5
Q

What are three problems if an EDTA tube is underfilled?

A

Alters RBC size/morphology, reduced PCV, dilutes sample if the EDTA is liquid

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6
Q

What happens if biochemistry tube gets contaminated with EDTA?

A

Increased K and decreased Ca

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7
Q

Normal dog PCV?

A

37-55%

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8
Q

Normal cat PCV?

A

26-45%

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9
Q

What is plasma protein concentration measured in?

A

g/L

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10
Q

What three things can cause false plasma protein conc increases

A

Lipaemia, urea, glucose

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11
Q

What process is occuring if PCV is normal and plasma protein is high?

A

High serum globulin from inflammation, infection, myeloma or some B cell lymphomas

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12
Q

What are the two types of RBC analysers?

A

Impedence and flow

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13
Q

How do impedence analysers work?

A

Pass cells through an electrical current and larger cell creates a larger pulse

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14
Q

How do you calculate haematocrit?

A

RBC x MCV / 1000

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15
Q

Within what % of the PCV should the HCT be?

A

2-3%

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16
Q

If PCT and HCT are different, which do you believe?

A

PCV

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17
Q

How do you calculate MCH?

A

HGB x 10 / RBC

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18
Q

Which three cell-specific lysing solutions are used in an impedence analyser?

A

Granulocytes, lymphocyte, monocyte

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19
Q

What can band neutrophils be accidentally classed as?

A

Monocytes

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20
Q

What can nRBCs be accidentally classed as?

A

Lymphocytes

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21
Q

How do impedence analysers differentiate platelet vs RBC?

A

Based on size

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22
Q

Why do impedence analysers confuse platelets vs RBCs in cats?

A

Large platelets, small RBCs

23
Q

Why do impedence analysers confuse platelets vs RBCs in CKCS?

A

Few, large, platelets

24
Q

How do flow analysers work?

A

Pass cells through laser beam and a low scatter angle is a larger cells and higher angle is a granular complex cells

25
Q

What is the advantages of a flow analyser?

A

Better at RBCs vs platelets, get 4 part WBC differential, can tell neutrophil and eosinophil apart, can identify and count reticulocytes

26
Q

What do flow analysers get confused between?

A

Neutrophil and monocyte

27
Q

How does a QBC analyser work?

A

Centrifugal force separates RBCS, granulocytes, agranulocytes, platelet layers and thickness = concentration

28
Q

When QBC be inaccurate?

A

If cell sizes are abnormal

29
Q

Why is QBC good for CKCS?

A

Calculates platelet mass (placecrit) rather than cell count

30
Q

What do QBC analysers have fluorescent markers on tubes for?

A

DNA, RNA, lipoproteins

31
Q

Which cell types does the myeloid precursor become?

A

Platelets, RBCs, WBCs (except lymphoid cells)

32
Q

In which bones does bone marrow haematopoiesis occur?

A

Flat and proximal long bones

33
Q

Where can you aspirate bone marrow from?

A

Iliac crest, femur, proximal humerus

34
Q

Which kind of animals have extra-medullary haematopoiesis?

A

Old

35
Q

Where does extra-medullary haematopoiesis occur?

A

Spleen, liver, lymph nodes

36
Q

Around which cells are erythrocytes produced in the bone marrow?

A

Macrophage nurse cells

37
Q

Which cells produce EPO?

A

Peritubular interstitial

38
Q

Why does pulmonary disease cause erythropoiesis?

A

EPO produced in response to hypoxia

39
Q

How many mitoses does a rubriblast undergo?

A

Multiple

40
Q

What do the cells produced by rubriblast mitosis look like?

A

More, smaller

41
Q

At what stage is the nucleus extruded to form reticulocytes?

A

Metarubricyte

42
Q

In which species is the nucleus not extruded?

A

Reptiles or birds

43
Q

How does iron deficiency cause microcytosis?

A

Hb regulates cells division and less Hb = more division

44
Q

After how long are reticulocytes released and mature?

A

24-48 hours

45
Q

What do reticulocytes look like on blood film?

A

Polychromatophils due to ribosomes

46
Q

Why are reticulocytes rare in cows or horses on blood films?

A

Mature before release

47
Q

Which stain do you use for reticulocytes?

A

Methylene blue

48
Q

Which kinds of reticulocytes do cats have?

A

Aggregate and punctate

49
Q

Which kind of reticulocytes do most species have?

A

Aggregate

50
Q

What do punctate reticulocytes look like?

A

Not polychromatic and can’t be differentiated on blood smear

51
Q

What are aggregate reticulocytes released from bone marrow as?

A

Polychromatophils

52
Q

What evidence of regeneration do aggregate reticulocytes show?

A

Recent

53
Q

What happens to aggregate reticulocytes?

A

Become punctate

Clinical Pathology (30 decks)

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