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Clinical Pathology > 8: Plasma Protein and Calcium > Flashcards

8: Plasma Protein and Calcium Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up globulin?

A

Fibrinogen and acute phase proteins

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2
Q

What % of buffering capacity is from HCO3?

A

80%

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3
Q

What % of buffering capacity is from proteins?

A

20%

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4
Q

What is the function of acute phase protein during inflammation?

A

Limits tissue damage

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5
Q

How big is albumin?

A

Small

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6
Q

How many proteins make up albumin?

A

One

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7
Q

What are some proteins that make up globulin?

A

Alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1, beta 2, gamma

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8
Q

What does high fibrinogen show?

A

Non-specific inflammation

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9
Q

Which species have high fibrinogen?

A

Cows and horses

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10
Q

How do you measure fibrinogen?

A

Heat precipitation or colorimetry

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11
Q

What are 5 sources of error in a refractometer?

A

Haemolysis/lipaemia, synthetic colloids, hyperGlu, high Na/Cl, high bilirubin

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12
Q

Which breed gets combined immunodeficiency giving hypoproteinaemia?

A

Arab foals

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13
Q

How can you measure Ig deficiency?

A

ZnSO4 test, serum GGT in calves up to 8 days, ELISA (foal check)

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14
Q

Which organs can protein loss be from?

A

GI, renal, dermal

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15
Q

What are three examples of protein-losing enteropathy?

A

IBD, lymphoma, lymphangiectasia

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16
Q

What is lost in protein-losing enteropathy?

A

Both proteins and cholesterol

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17
Q

Insufficiency of which organ can cause hypoproteinaemia due to maldigestion?

A

Pancreas

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18
Q

Which proteins are lost in protein-losing nephropathy?

A

Albumin

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19
Q

What is globulin like in reduced albumin production?

A

High or normal

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20
Q

What are three causes of reduced albumin production?

A

Malnutrition, chronic inflammation, liver disease

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21
Q

What causes hyperglobulinaemia?

A

Polyclonal or monoclonal gammopathy

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22
Q

How can you distinguish the type of gammopathy?

A

Electrophoresis

23
Q

In which species should you especially distinguish the type of gammopathy?

A

Birds

24
Q

What causes polyclonal gammopathy?

A

Inflammation/infection, FIP, stomatitis, Ehrlichia, Leishmania, chronic liver disease, immune mediated disease

25
Q

Another name for monoclonal gammopathy?

A

Paraprotein or M-protein

26
Q

Which cells are cloned in monoclonal gammopathy?

A

Plasma/lymphoid

27
Q

What are some examples of monclonal gammopathies?

A

Myeloma, lymphoma, leukaemia

28
Q

What causes increase alpha-2 globulins?

A

Acute phase proteins from acute inflammation

29
Q

What is the usual acute phase protein in dogs?

A

CRP

30
Q

What is the usual acute phase protein in cats?

A

SAA alpha 1 acid glycoprotein (AGP)

31
Q

What causes increased gamma globulins?

A

Chronic inflammation, chronic liver disease, immun mediated disease e.g. FIP

32
Q

What are four differentials for monoclonal gammopathy?

A

Myeloma plasma cell tumour, lymphoid leukaemia, idiopathic, lymphoma malignant lymphocytes

33
Q

What four conditions are acute phase proteins produced in response to?

A

Infection, inflammation, trauma, aseptic necrosis

34
Q

WHich cells increase production of protective proteins?

A

Hepatocytes

35
Q

What do hepatocytes reduce production of during acute phase proteins?

A

transport proteins e.g. albumin and transferrin

36
Q

In which species is haptoglobin a positive acute phase protein?

A

Ruminants

37
Q

In which species is serum amyloid A a positive acute phase protein?

A

Ruminants, horses, cats

38
Q

Which kind of calcium is active?

A

Ionised

39
Q

Which kind of calcium is measured?

A

Total

40
Q

Which protein is calcium mostly bound to?

A

Albumin

41
Q

What determines the shift between protein bound and ionised calcium?

A

pH

42
Q

How do you treat PUPD caused by hypercalcaemia?

A

Symptoms and cause

43
Q

Which two conditions cause excess PTH?

A

Primary hyperparathyroidism or hyperCa of malignancy

44
Q

Which three conditions cause excess vitamin D?

A

Supplementation, granulomatous inflammation, rodenticides

45
Q

Which condition causes excess complexed calcium?

A

Chronic renal disease

46
Q

How does Addisons affect calcium?

A

HyperCa

47
Q

What are the three types of hypoCa?

A

Spurious, acute, chronic

48
Q

What are three causes of spurious hypoCa?

A

EDTA, hypoalbuminaemia, sample aging

49
Q

WHat changes will also be seen if hypoCa is caused by EDTA?

A

Low AP, high K

50
Q

Why do raw diets cause hypoCa?

A

Too much PO4

51
Q

Why does GI disease cause hypoCa?

A

Vitamin D is fat soluble

52
Q

Why does renal disease cause hypoCa?

A

Low vit D production

53
Q

How can blood transfusions cause hypoCa?

A

Excess citrate

Clinical Pathology (30 decks)

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