8: Plasma Protein and Calcium Flashcards
What makes up globulin?
Fibrinogen and acute phase proteins
What % of buffering capacity is from HCO3?
80%
What % of buffering capacity is from proteins?
20%
What is the function of acute phase protein during inflammation?
Limits tissue damage
How big is albumin?
Small
How many proteins make up albumin?
One
What are some proteins that make up globulin?
Alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1, beta 2, gamma
What does high fibrinogen show?
Non-specific inflammation
Which species have high fibrinogen?
Cows and horses
How do you measure fibrinogen?
Heat precipitation or colorimetry
What are 5 sources of error in a refractometer?
Haemolysis/lipaemia, synthetic colloids, hyperGlu, high Na/Cl, high bilirubin
Which breed gets combined immunodeficiency giving hypoproteinaemia?
Arab foals
How can you measure Ig deficiency?
ZnSO4 test, serum GGT in calves up to 8 days, ELISA (foal check)
Which organs can protein loss be from?
GI, renal, dermal
What are three examples of protein-losing enteropathy?
IBD, lymphoma, lymphangiectasia
What is lost in protein-losing enteropathy?
Both proteins and cholesterol
Insufficiency of which organ can cause hypoproteinaemia due to maldigestion?
Pancreas
Which proteins are lost in protein-losing nephropathy?
Albumin
What is globulin like in reduced albumin production?
High or normal
What are three causes of reduced albumin production?
Malnutrition, chronic inflammation, liver disease
What causes hyperglobulinaemia?
Polyclonal or monoclonal gammopathy
How can you distinguish the type of gammopathy?
Electrophoresis
In which species should you especially distinguish the type of gammopathy?
Birds
What causes polyclonal gammopathy?
Inflammation/infection, FIP, stomatitis, Ehrlichia, Leishmania, chronic liver disease, immune mediated disease
Another name for monoclonal gammopathy?
Paraprotein or M-protein
Which cells are cloned in monoclonal gammopathy?
Plasma/lymphoid
What are some examples of monclonal gammopathies?
Myeloma, lymphoma, leukaemia
What causes increase alpha-2 globulins?
Acute phase proteins from acute inflammation
What is the usual acute phase protein in dogs?
CRP
What is the usual acute phase protein in cats?
SAA alpha 1 acid glycoprotein (AGP)
What causes increased gamma globulins?
Chronic inflammation, chronic liver disease, immun mediated disease e.g. FIP
What are four differentials for monoclonal gammopathy?
Myeloma plasma cell tumour, lymphoid leukaemia, idiopathic, lymphoma malignant lymphocytes
What four conditions are acute phase proteins produced in response to?
Infection, inflammation, trauma, aseptic necrosis
WHich cells increase production of protective proteins?
Hepatocytes
What do hepatocytes reduce production of during acute phase proteins?
transport proteins e.g. albumin and transferrin
In which species is haptoglobin a positive acute phase protein?
Ruminants
In which species is serum amyloid A a positive acute phase protein?
Ruminants, horses, cats
Which kind of calcium is active?
Ionised
Which kind of calcium is measured?
Total
Which protein is calcium mostly bound to?
Albumin
What determines the shift between protein bound and ionised calcium?
pH
How do you treat PUPD caused by hypercalcaemia?
Symptoms and cause
Which two conditions cause excess PTH?
Primary hyperparathyroidism or hyperCa of malignancy
Which three conditions cause excess vitamin D?
Supplementation, granulomatous inflammation, rodenticides
Which condition causes excess complexed calcium?
Chronic renal disease
How does Addisons affect calcium?
HyperCa
What are the three types of hypoCa?
Spurious, acute, chronic
What are three causes of spurious hypoCa?
EDTA, hypoalbuminaemia, sample aging
WHat changes will also be seen if hypoCa is caused by EDTA?
Low AP, high K
Why do raw diets cause hypoCa?
Too much PO4
Why does GI disease cause hypoCa?
Vitamin D is fat soluble
Why does renal disease cause hypoCa?
Low vit D production
How can blood transfusions cause hypoCa?
Excess citrate
