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Clinical Pathology > 4: Haematology 2 (Anaemia) > Flashcards

4: Haematology 2 (Anaemia) Flashcards

1
Q

What is RDW a measure of?

A

Red cell distribution width - measure of anisocytosis

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2
Q

What kind of heart murmur does anaemia give?

A

Systolic

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3
Q

How long does the regenerative response take?

A

3-5 days

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4
Q

What do you see on a blood smear during the regenerative response?

A

Increased reticulocytes or polychromasia

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5
Q

In which species do you not see polychromasia during the regenerative response?

A

Horses

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6
Q

How can you quantify the regenerative response?

A

Reticulocyte or polychromatophil count

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7
Q

Which reticulocyte count should you use?

A

Absolute, not %

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8
Q

Do you get a larger regenerative response if larger anaemia?

A

Yes

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9
Q

If which species does anisocytosis especially show a regenerative response?

A

Horse

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10
Q

What kind of stippling shows a regenerative response?

A

Basophilic

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11
Q

Which other cell features can indicate anaemia?

A

Macrocytosis, Howell-Joll bodies, target cells

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12
Q

Which are the usual nRBCs indicating a regenerative response?

A

Metarubricytes

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13
Q

What are three conditions, other than a regenerative response, that can cause macrocytosis?

A

Dyserythropoiesis, erythroleukaemia, FeLV

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14
Q

What are three conditions that can cause microcytosis?

A

Iron deficiency, PSS, severe liver dysfunction

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15
Q

In which species is rubricytosis sometimes normal?

A

Dogs and cats

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16
Q

In what situation is rubricytosis appropriate?

A

If with polychromasia

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17
Q

In what situations is rubricytosis inappropriate?

A

Lead poisoning, erythroleukaemia, marrow damage (heat stroke), splenic contraction

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18
Q

Why don’t horses have polychromasia or reticulocytosis?

A

Only mature erythrocytes are released into the circulation

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19
Q

In which species are Howell-Jolly bodies normal?

A

Cats, and sometimes dogs and horses

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20
Q

After which procedure are Howell-Jolly bodies seen?

A

Splenectomy

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21
Q

In what conditions are target cells seen?

A

Due to low Hb seen in regenerative anaemia, iron deficiency, liver dysfunction

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22
Q

Where is the Hb in a codocyte?

A

Ring at periphery

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23
Q

Which species especially have basophilic stippling due to ribosomes?

A

Ruminants

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24
Q

Which condition can cause basophilic stippling?

A

Lead poisoning, regenerative anaemia

25
Q

How sensitive is increased MCV and decreased MCHC in supporting regeneration?

A

Only 20% sensitive and 90% specific

26
Q

What is the only marker of regeneration in horses?

A

Serial PCV increase

27
Q

In which breeds can decreased MCV be normal?

A

Akita, Shiba Inu

28
Q

In which conditions can MCV be decreased?

A

Iron deficiency anaemia, PSS, liver dysfunction

29
Q

In which species can increased MCV be inherited?

A

Poodles

30
Q

In which conditions can MCV be increased?

A

FeLV, hyperNa, B12 deficiency

31
Q

How can MCV be artefactually increased?

A

Cell swelling in transit

32
Q

What usually causes high MCHC?

A

Artefact - due to lipaemia or haemolysis causing falsely increased MCH

33
Q

How can MCV be falsely elevated?

A

In vitro cell swelling

34
Q

When can MCHC be decreased?

A

Iron deficiency

35
Q

How long after haemorrhage do PCV and PP both decrease due to fluid from the interstitium?

A

4 hours

36
Q

How long after internal haemorrhage are 65% of erythrocytes resorbed into the circulation?

A

2-3 days

37
Q

How long after internal haemorrhage are 80% of erythrocytes resorbed into the circulation?

A

2 weeks

38
Q

How long after internal haemorrhage are globulins resorbed?

A

Rapidly, and globulin production increases quickly

39
Q

What condition is internal haemorrhage associated with?

A

Leucocytosis and thrombocytopaenia

40
Q

How long after external haemorrhage does PP normalise?

A

5-7 days

41
Q

How long after haemorrhage does PCV normalise?

A

2-3 weeks

42
Q

What blood smear change may also be seen following external haemorrhage?

A

Mild-moderate thrombocytopaenia

43
Q

What kind of anaemia do you eventually get after chronic haemorrhage?

A

Poorly regenerative, iron deficiency anaemia with hypochromic, microcytic cells

44
Q

Why must you feed white meat only before a faecal occult blood test?

A

Myoglobin

45
Q

What happens to PCV and PP initially during chronic haemorrhage?

A

Change little

46
Q

Why do you eventually get non-regenerative anaemia following chronic haemorrhage?

A

Will eventually get iron deficiency

47
Q

What is PP like in haemolytic anaemia?

A

Normal or increased

48
Q

Why are haemolytic anaemias more regenerative than haemorrhage?

A

Iron is not lost, BUT does sometimes involve progenitor loss

49
Q

What are the two possible pathological mechanisms of haemolytic anaemia?

A

Extravascular or intravascular

50
Q

What degree of anaemia does extravascular haemolysis give?

A

Mild-severe

51
Q

What degree of anaemia does intravascular haemolysis give?

A

Severe

52
Q

What is prognosis for intravascular haemolysis?

A

Poor

53
Q

How long is the onset for extravascular haemolysis?

A

Insidious

54
Q

How long is the onset for intravascular haemolysis?

A

Rapid

55
Q

How does extravascular haemolysis give splenomegaly?

A

Erythrocytes phagocytosed by macrophages in spleen/liver

56
Q

What is happening in intravascular haemolysis?

A

Erythrocytes lysed within vessels due to membrane damage.

57
Q

What happens to the Hb in extravascular haemolysis?

A

Become bilirubin so get jaundice, bilirubinuria, bilirubinaemia

58
Q

What happens to the Hb in intravascular haemolysis?

A

Also get jaundice etc, but also haemoglobinaemia/uria

Clinical Pathology (30 decks)

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