Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical Pathology > 6: Haematology 4 > Flashcards

6: Haematology 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Which cytokines stimulate myeloblast production?

A

IL-1 and IL-6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When are IL-1 and IL-6 produced?

A

Inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

In which pool do myeloblasts become myelocytes?

A

Proliferative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

In which pool do metamyelocytes become mature cells?

A

Maturational pool

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which pool are myeloid cells released from during inflammation?

A

Storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the half life of a lecuocyte?

A

6-14 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

In health, where are lecocytes lost?

A

Across mucosa or phagocytosed in liver/spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which are the two leucocyte pools in the blood?

A

Circulating and marginating (on endothelium)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which leucocyte pool is measured?

A

Circulating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which conditions can decrease leucocyte adhesion?

A

Endotoxaemia, steroids, glucocorticoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the usual marginating:circulating leucocyte ratio?

A

1:1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the marginating:circulating leucocyte ratio in cats?

A

3:1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How do cytokines affect marginating pool?

A

Increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How many lobules does the neutrophil nucleus have?

A

3-5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Does acute or chronic inflammation cause neutrophilia?

A

Both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which pool are neutrophils released from following inflammatory mediators in acute inflammation?

A

Storage or maturational

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which kind of inflammation causes granulocytic hyperplasia?

A

Chronic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Why do you only see mature neutrophils in chronic inflammation?

A

Although proliferative and maturational pool size increase, neutrophil must be mature before release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which cells can show left shift and toxic changes?

A

Neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does the nucleus look like in left shift?

A

Non-lobulated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What kind of neutrophils are released in left shift?

A

Band

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where are band neutrophils released from?

A

Bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which kind of diseases cause toxic changes?

A

Infectious (severe)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

In which species are Dohle bodies normal?

A

Cats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What do toxic changes look like?

A

Basophilia, vacuolation, doughnut nuclei, giant cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the leukaemoid response?

A

Marked neutrophilia from severe inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What neoplastic condition resembles the leukaemoid response?

A

Chronic granulocytic leukaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

When may chronic inflammatory neutrophilia show left shift?

A

If inflammatory stimulus is large

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Which cell number changes do you also see in chronic inflammatory neutrophilia?

A

Monocytosis, lymphocytosis, eosinophilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Which shift can you get in chronic inflammatory neutrophilia?

A

Right or left - but usually mature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What do right shift neutrophils look like?

A

Hypersegmented older cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What normally causes right shift?

A

Steroid therapy or chronic inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What does bone marrow show in chronic inflammatory neutrophilia?

A

Granulocytic hyperplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Why do cattle not show neutrophilia in infection?

A

Limited storage pool

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Why do cows get neutropenic in infection?

A

Cells move into tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What 3 conditions can cause stress-induced neutrophilia?

A

Stress, steroids, Cushings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What two processes cause the neutrophilia following stress?

A

Lose endothelium adhesion, more released from marrow storage pool

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Which species gets marked stress-induced neutrophilia?

A

Cats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Why is stress-induced neutrophilia only 2-4x the reference interval?

A

Limited number in marginating pool

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What does a stress leukogram look like?

A

Neutrophilia, monocytosis, lymphopenia, eosinopenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What happens during excitement neutrophilia?

A

Redistribution to circulating pool

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

How fast does excitement neutrophilia normalise?

A

Quickly, esp healthy animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

How many times reference interval does excitement neutrophilia cause?

A

2-4x

44
Q

Which cells are also increased in excitement neutrophilia?

A

Lymphocytosis but no monocytosis

45
Q

How common is granulocytic leukaemia?

A

Uncommon

46
Q

What do cells look like in granulocytic leukaemia?

A

Morphologically normal, high neutrophil count with left shift

47
Q

How do you diagnose granulocytic leukaemia?

A

Exclusion

48
Q

Which condition does granulocytic leukaemia resemble?

A

Leukaemoid response in inflammation

49
Q

Which proteins are helpful to diagnose granulocytic leukaemia?

A

Acute phase proteins (will be high in inflammation)

50
Q

What causes paraneoplastic neutrophilia?

A

Neoplasms release cytokines and stimulate granulopoiesis

51
Q

How can paraneoplastic neutrophilia resolve?

A

treatment or tumour removal

52
Q

What do neutrophils look like in paraneoplastic neutrophilia?

A

Left shift

53
Q

How does sedation affect neutrophils?

A

Neutropenia

54
Q

Which breed has especially low neutrophils?

A

Greyhounds

55
Q

What is happening during inflammatory neutropenia?

A

Overwhelms white cell production - more moves to tissues than released

56
Q

Which conditions often cause inflammatory neutropenia?

A

Pyo, metritis

57
Q

Which kind of bacteria can often cause inflammatory neutropenia?

A

Gram -ve

58
Q

In which species is inflammatory neutropenia common?

A

Cattle

59
Q

Which conditions can cause bone marrow hypoplasia?

A

Toxins esp oestrogen, chemo, infections esp FeLV, parvo

60
Q

Which conditions can cause myelophthesis?

A

Neoplasia, myelofibrosis

61
Q

Which breed gets cyclic haematopoiesis so see severe neutropenia then recovery?

A

Grey collies

62
Q

How do you tell bone marrow hypoplasia and inflammatory neutropenia apart?

A

No left shift/toxic changes in bone marrow hypoplasia

63
Q

Which WBC is most common in cattle?

A

Lymphocytes

64
Q

What size are lymphocytes compared to neutrophils?

A

Smaller

65
Q

When do you see large lymphocytes?

A

Immune stimulation or lymphoma/leukaemia

66
Q

How are lymphocytes affected during excitement?

A

Mild increase

67
Q

How can vaccination affect lymphocytes?

A

Lymphocytosis if young

68
Q

How can Addisons affect lyphocytes and eosinophils?

A

Lymphocytosis, eosinophilia

69
Q

How does acute inflammation affect lymphocytes?

A

Lymphopenia

70
Q

How does loss of lymph affect lymphocytes?

A

Lymphopenia

71
Q

What shape are eosinophils in cats?

A

Rod-shaped

72
Q

Which kind of inflammation causes eosinophilia?

A

Parasitic and allergic

73
Q

Which areas of the body do eosinophils release caustic enzymes in?

A

Skin, GI tract, resp tract

74
Q

How does Addisons affect eosinophils?

A

Inverse stress leukogram - so eosinophilia, leukocytosis

75
Q

Why do mast cells especially cause paraneoplastic eosinophilia?

A

Histamine stimulates eosinophils

76
Q

Which species gets hypereosinophilic syndrome?

A

Cats

77
Q

Which organs are infiltrated by eosinophils in hypereosinophilic syndrome?

A

Liver, spleen, GI tract, bone marrow

78
Q

What may possibly cause hypereosinophilic syndrome?

A

Eosinophilic leukaemia

79
Q

How common is eosinopenia?

A

Rare and not relevant

80
Q

What may cause eosinopenia?

A

Acute inflammation or stress/steroids

81
Q

For how long do monocyes remain as macrophages?

A

years

82
Q

How common in monocytic leukaemia?

A

Rare

83
Q

How common is paraneoplastic monocytosis?

A

Rare

84
Q

Which conditions cause increased basophils?

A

Parasitic or allergic

85
Q

Which cell changes do basophils mirror?

A

Eosinophil

86
Q

Which cells produce thrombopoietin?

A

Hepatocytes and renal tubular cells

87
Q

Which cells does thrombopoietin act on?

A

Megakaryoblast and megakaryocyte

88
Q

When is TPO produced?

A

Constantly

89
Q

How is TPO cleared?

A

When taken up by platelets and megakaryocytes

90
Q

Which hormone controls platelet production?

A

TPO

91
Q

What happens to TPO if there is less platelets?

A

More

92
Q

What happens to TPO secretion in inflammation?

A

Increases

93
Q

How long does platelet production take?

A

3 days

94
Q

How long do platelets live before they are cleared by the spleen?

A

6 days

95
Q

What breeds especially get pseudothrombocytopenia?

A

CKCS, sighthounds

96
Q

What can happen to large platelets causing low platelet count?

A

Sequestered in spleen

97
Q

Which conditions cause increased platelet consumption?

A

DIC, vasculities, endocarditis

98
Q

Which conditions causes increased platelet destruction?

A

IMTP

99
Q

Which conditions can cause decreased platelet production?

A

Drugs, infectious agent, myelophthesis

100
Q

WHat do stress leukogram and chronic inflammatory neutrophilia both show?

A

Neutrophilia, monocytosis

101
Q

What are lymphocytes and eosinophils like in stress leukogram vs chronic inflammatory neutrophilia?

A

Stress leukogram has lymphopenia and eosinopenia but CIN has the opposite

102
Q

How does thrombocytosis cause pseudohyperK?

A

Platelets release potassium when they clot

103
Q

Is thrombocytosis clinically relevant?

A

No

104
Q

How common is megakaryocyte neoplasia?

A

Rare

105
Q

What condition can cause decreased platelet removal?

A

Splenectomy

106
Q

What happens to platelets in excitement?

A

Released from spleen

107
Q

Which four conditions can cause increased platelet production?

A

TPO in inflammation, iron deficiency, vincristine therapy, rebound after thrombocytopenia

Clinical Pathology (30 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions