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Glossary Flashcards

1
Q

Polychromatophil

A

Bluish cells that correlate with aggregate reticulocytes

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2
Q

Metarubricyte

A

Late normoblast, nucleated RBCs (most mature form)

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3
Q

Howell-Jolly body

A

Nuclear remnants seen within mature erythrocytes

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4
Q

Doehle body

A

Blue RNA aggregate in neutrophil from accelerated granulopoiesis

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5
Q

Reticulocyte (and what are the two types)

A

Immature RBC in the marrow once nucleus is extruded. Can be aggregate or punctate.

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6
Q

Hypochromasia

A

Low MCHC (low haemoglobin)

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7
Q

Anisocytosis

A

Variability in cell size

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8
Q

Macrocytosis

A

High MCV, very large cell

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9
Q

Polychromasia

A

Presence of polychromatophils, lots of blue staining reticulocytes

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10
Q

Spherocytes

A

an RBC with part of its membrane removed by a macrophage, spherical rather than biconcave, secondary to IMHA, no central pallor, smaller

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11
Q

Left shift

A

Presence of circulating band (immature) neutrophils

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12
Q

Myelophthesis

A

Bone marrow replaced by abnormal tissue leading to decreased production of blood cells

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13
Q

Heinz body

A

Hb precipitate attached to red cell membrane due to oxidative damage

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14
Q

APTT

A

Activated partial thromboplastin time

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15
Q

OSPT

A

One stage prothrombin time

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16
Q

Codocyte/target cell

A

Increased ratio of plasma membrane to haemoglobin (due to low haemoglobin)

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17
Q

Microcytosis

A

Decreased MCV

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18
Q

Polycythemia/Erythrocytosis

A

Increased RBCs

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19
Q

Rubriblast

A

earliest erythrocyte, an early normoblast, erythroid precursor

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20
Q

Rubricytosis

A

nRBCs present in the circulation

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21
Q

Normoblast

A

Immature RBC

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22
Q

Poikilocytosis

A

Variation in RBC shape

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23
Q

Erythroleukaemia

A

Proliferation of immature RBCs and WBCs

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24
Q

Melaena

A

Black, GI bleed faeces

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25
Haematochezia
Fresh blood in faeces
26
Rouleaux
Stacks or aggregations of RBCs
27
Acanthocytes
RBCs with irregular rounded membrane projections associated with mechanical damage
28
Schistocytes
Fragments of RBCs associated with mechanical damage
29
Echinocyte
Crenated cells from excess EDTA or uraemia
30
Eccentrocyte
Haemoglobin displaced to one side leaving a pale area caused by cell membrane damage from oxidative injury
31
Pancytopaenia
Deficiency of RBC, WBC and platelets
32
Myelofibrosis
Replacement of bone marrow with fibrosis
33
Osmolality
Number of osmoles of a solute in each kg of a solvent
34
Osmolarity
Number of osmoles per litre of solution
35
Tenesmus
Recurrent urge to evacuate bowels
36
Dyschezia
Unable to pass stools
37
ACT
Activated clotting time
38
Band neutrophil
Neutrophil where nucleus is not lobulated
39
Basophilia
Increased basophils OR bluer cytoplasm
40
Basophilic stippling
Blue speckles in RBCs as part of regenerative response
41
BMBT
Buccal mucosal bleeding time, to assess clotting response
42
D-dimer
Formed from cross linked fibrin (after clotting)
43
Degenerative changes
Occur in tissue by bacterial toxins. Morphological changes within neutrophil
44
Effusion
Fluid within a body cavity
45
Extramedullary harmatopoiesis
RBCs produced outside bone marrow, usually spleen
46
Evans syndrome
IMHA and IMTP in the same animal at the same time
47
Exudate
Fluid with high numbers of cells
48
Ghost cell
Pale erythrocyte with mostly membrane and little haemoglobin, secondary to IMHA
49
Granulocytes
Neutrophils and eosinophils and basophils
50
Granulocytic hyperplasia
Increased granulocytic precursors in bone marrow
51
Haemarthrosis
Bleeding into a joint
52
Haematoidin
Yellow rhomboid crystals - breakdown of haemoglobin in an anaerobic environment
53
Haemoglobinaemia
Increased free haemoglobin not within an RBC
54
Haemosiderin
Breakdown product of haemoglobin which appears blue black on cytology
55
Heterophil
Avian and reptile neutrophil
56
Histiocyte
Tissue macrophage/dendritic cell
57
Hyperchromasia
High MCHC, usually artefactual
58
Hypersegmented neutrophil
More than 5 nuclear lobes
59
Leptocytes
Like codocytes
60
Leukaemoid response
Markedly elevated WBCs (usually neutrophil)
61
Lymphadenitis
Increased inflammatory cells within lymph nodes
62
Lymphoid hypoplasia
Reduced lymphocyte production
63
Lymphoglandular bodies
Fragments of cells within lymph nodes showing high turnover
64
Macrokaryosis
Very large nucleus
65
Macroplatelet
Larger than RBC
66
Macronucleoli
Large nucleolus, over 1 RBC diameter
67
Megakaryocyte
Platelet precursor
68
Methaemoglobin
Oxidised haemoglobin, can’t carry oxygen
69
Mott cell
Plasma cell containing Russell bodies (vacuoles containing Igs)
70
Myeloid cells
Platelets, RBCs, all WBCs except lymphocytes
71
Mucin clot test
Evaluates hyaluronic acid by adding acetic acids
72
Pleocytosis
Increased nucleated cells in CSF
73
Red cell distribution width
Measures anisocytosis of RBCs
74
Right shift
Hypersegmented neutrophils
75
TEG
Thromboelastography (to assess global haemostasis)
76
Thrombocytopathia
Abnormal platelet function
77
Thrombopoietin
Secreted by liver and kidney to stimulate platelet production
78
Tingible body macrophage
Macrophage in lymph node that has phagocytosed lymphoglandular bodies and apoptotic cells
79
Transudate
Fluid with low numbers of cells
80
Toxic changes
Morphological neutrophil changes in peripheral blood associated with strong inflammatory response
81
WBCT
Whole blood clotting time
82
Windrowing
Lining up of red or white cells on smear showing presence of viscous fluid eg saliva or joint fluid
83
Xanthochromic
Yellow colour, usually from chronic haemorrhage
84
Toxic change
Maturational defects from accelerated granulopoiesis
85
Lymphoglandular body
Fragments of lymphocytes
86
Tingible body macrophage
Macrophage with ingested lymphocyte
87
Why may small cell lymphoma may be hard to spot?
Low grade, cells normally small
88
How much inflammatory evidence is there in small cell lymphoma?
None
89
What shape are cells in small cell lymphoma?
"hand mirror"
90
What is stage V lymphoma?
Circulating neoplastic cells with possible bone marrow involvement
91
What do you call stage V lymphoma and why?
Hard to tell from leukaemia so call it "lymphoproliferative neoplasia"
92
Why do you need histopath not just cytology for lymphoma?
Early disease has normal lymphocytes, small/mixed cells, concurrent inflammation, steroid/cytotoxic treatment before sampling
93
What paraneoplastic syndrome do you see in B cell lymphoma?
Increased globulins
94
What are two ways of determining cell type?
Immunohisto/cytochemistry or flow cytometry
95
Which sample do you need for flow cytometry?
Fresh EDTA blood or aspirate from affected area
96
When should you only use flow cytometry?
After you have a diagnosis
97
Which kind of cells can have no cell markers which can confirm neoplasia?
Esp small cell T zone lymphoma
98
What is PARR?
PCR for antigen receptor rearrangement
99
Where can you get cells for PARR?
Blood, tissue, cytology etc
100
What does a polyclonal output on PARR suggest?
Reactive
101
What does a monclonal output on PARR suggest?
Neoplastic
102
What can you not use PARR for?
Immunophenotyping

Clinical Pathology (30 decks)

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