Glossary Flashcards
Polychromatophil
Bluish cells that correlate with aggregate reticulocytes
Metarubricyte
Late normoblast, nucleated RBCs (most mature form)
Howell-Jolly body
Nuclear remnants seen within mature erythrocytes
Doehle body
Blue RNA aggregate in neutrophil from accelerated granulopoiesis
Reticulocyte (and what are the two types)
Immature RBC in the marrow once nucleus is extruded. Can be aggregate or punctate.
Hypochromasia
Low MCHC (low haemoglobin)
Anisocytosis
Variability in cell size
Macrocytosis
High MCV, very large cell
Polychromasia
Presence of polychromatophils, lots of blue staining reticulocytes
Spherocytes
an RBC with part of its membrane removed by a macrophage, spherical rather than biconcave, secondary to IMHA, no central pallor, smaller
Left shift
Presence of circulating band (immature) neutrophils
Myelophthesis
Bone marrow replaced by abnormal tissue leading to decreased production of blood cells
Heinz body
Hb precipitate attached to red cell membrane due to oxidative damage
APTT
Activated partial thromboplastin time
OSPT
One stage prothrombin time
Codocyte/target cell
Increased ratio of plasma membrane to haemoglobin (due to low haemoglobin)
Microcytosis
Decreased MCV
Polycythemia/Erythrocytosis
Increased RBCs
Rubriblast
earliest erythrocyte, an early normoblast, erythroid precursor
Rubricytosis
nRBCs present in the circulation
Normoblast
Immature RBC
Poikilocytosis
Variation in RBC shape
Erythroleukaemia
Proliferation of immature RBCs and WBCs
Melaena
Black, GI bleed faeces
Haematochezia
Fresh blood in faeces
Rouleaux
Stacks or aggregations of RBCs
Acanthocytes
RBCs with irregular rounded membrane projections associated with mechanical damage
Schistocytes
Fragments of RBCs associated with mechanical damage
Echinocyte
Crenated cells from excess EDTA or uraemia
Eccentrocyte
Haemoglobin displaced to one side leaving a pale area caused by cell membrane damage from oxidative injury
Pancytopaenia
Deficiency of RBC, WBC and platelets
Myelofibrosis
Replacement of bone marrow with fibrosis
Osmolality
Number of osmoles of a solute in each kg of a solvent
Osmolarity
Number of osmoles per litre of solution
Tenesmus
Recurrent urge to evacuate bowels
Dyschezia
Unable to pass stools
ACT
Activated clotting time
Band neutrophil
Neutrophil where nucleus is not lobulated
Basophilia
Increased basophils OR bluer cytoplasm
Basophilic stippling
Blue speckles in RBCs as part of regenerative response
BMBT
Buccal mucosal bleeding time, to assess clotting response
D-dimer
Formed from cross linked fibrin (after clotting)
Degenerative changes
Occur in tissue by bacterial toxins. Morphological changes within neutrophil
Effusion
Fluid within a body cavity
Extramedullary harmatopoiesis
RBCs produced outside bone marrow, usually spleen
Evans syndrome
IMHA and IMTP in the same animal at the same time
Exudate
Fluid with high numbers of cells
Ghost cell
Pale erythrocyte with mostly membrane and little haemoglobin, secondary to IMHA
Granulocytes
Neutrophils and eosinophils and basophils
Granulocytic hyperplasia
Increased granulocytic precursors in bone marrow
Haemarthrosis
Bleeding into a joint
Haematoidin
Yellow rhomboid crystals - breakdown of haemoglobin in an anaerobic environment
Haemoglobinaemia
Increased free haemoglobin not within an RBC
Haemosiderin
Breakdown product of haemoglobin which appears blue black on cytology
Heterophil
Avian and reptile neutrophil
Histiocyte
Tissue macrophage/dendritic cell
Hyperchromasia
High MCHC, usually artefactual
Hypersegmented neutrophil
More than 5 nuclear lobes
Leptocytes
Like codocytes
Leukaemoid response
Markedly elevated WBCs (usually neutrophil)
Lymphadenitis
Increased inflammatory cells within lymph nodes
Lymphoid hypoplasia
Reduced lymphocyte production
Lymphoglandular bodies
Fragments of cells within lymph nodes showing high turnover
Macrokaryosis
Very large nucleus
Macroplatelet
Larger than RBC
Macronucleoli
Large nucleolus, over 1 RBC diameter
Megakaryocyte
Platelet precursor
Methaemoglobin
Oxidised haemoglobin, can’t carry oxygen
Mott cell
Plasma cell containing Russell bodies (vacuoles containing Igs)
Myeloid cells
Platelets, RBCs, all WBCs except lymphocytes
Mucin clot test
Evaluates hyaluronic acid by adding acetic acids
Pleocytosis
Increased nucleated cells in CSF
Red cell distribution width
Measures anisocytosis of RBCs
Right shift
Hypersegmented neutrophils
TEG
Thromboelastography (to assess global haemostasis)
Thrombocytopathia
Abnormal platelet function
Thrombopoietin
Secreted by liver and kidney to stimulate platelet production
Tingible body macrophage
Macrophage in lymph node that has phagocytosed lymphoglandular bodies and apoptotic cells
Transudate
Fluid with low numbers of cells
Toxic changes
Morphological neutrophil changes in peripheral blood associated with strong inflammatory response
WBCT
Whole blood clotting time
Windrowing
Lining up of red or white cells on smear showing presence of viscous fluid eg saliva or joint fluid
Xanthochromic
Yellow colour, usually from chronic haemorrhage
Toxic change
Maturational defects from accelerated granulopoiesis
Lymphoglandular body
Fragments of lymphocytes
Tingible body macrophage
Macrophage with ingested lymphocyte
Why may small cell lymphoma may be hard to spot?
Low grade, cells normally small
How much inflammatory evidence is there in small cell lymphoma?
None
What shape are cells in small cell lymphoma?
“hand mirror”
What is stage V lymphoma?
Circulating neoplastic cells with possible bone marrow involvement
What do you call stage V lymphoma and why?
Hard to tell from leukaemia so call it “lymphoproliferative neoplasia”
Why do you need histopath not just cytology for lymphoma?
Early disease has normal lymphocytes, small/mixed cells, concurrent inflammation, steroid/cytotoxic treatment before sampling
What paraneoplastic syndrome do you see in B cell lymphoma?
Increased globulins
What are two ways of determining cell type?
Immunohisto/cytochemistry or flow cytometry
Which sample do you need for flow cytometry?
Fresh EDTA blood or aspirate from affected area
When should you only use flow cytometry?
After you have a diagnosis
Which kind of cells can have no cell markers which can confirm neoplasia?
Esp small cell T zone lymphoma
What is PARR?
PCR for antigen receptor rearrangement
Where can you get cells for PARR?
Blood, tissue, cytology etc
What does a polyclonal output on PARR suggest?
Reactive
What does a monclonal output on PARR suggest?
Neoplastic
What can you not use PARR for?
Immunophenotyping