plants textbook quizzes Flashcards
What is not an abiotic resource in a plant community?
nutrients, organisms, water or light
organisms
how are canadian prairies maintained by fire
trees are destroyed
-disturbance of forest fire=loss of many trees
–>opens up area to sunlight, water, resources that weren’t available for many other plants while trees where still alive
What is a major contribution to primary succession in a sand dune?
grass rhizomes
Which types of succession are likely to result in an immediate progression to secondary succession?
a) clear cutting
b) volcano
c) forest fire
d) hurricane
a, c, d
Which organisms contributed to primary succession on slopes of post-eruption of Mount St.Helens
lichens, mosses, photosynthetic organisms, lupine bulbs
What contributes to the 300-year cycling pattern of spruce and birch forests?
changes in nitrogen availability
which structure is NOT part of the shoot system of a plant
a)taproot
b)stem
c)node
d)tuber
a) taproot
axillary bud’s form a plant’s _____
branches
the leaves of monocots are ______
long & thin (e.g. grasses)
which statements about iris plants are true (each plant has 6 petals)
a) these must be monocots bc leaves have parallel veins
b) each iris flower is supported by a stem
c) if a plant was dug up by its root, it would have a taproot
d) each iris flower is a specialized shoot
a,b,d
a) these must be monocots bc leaves have parallel veins
b) each iris flower is supported by a stem
d) each iris flower is a specialized shoot
function of endosperm
provide food for developing embryo
cotyledon structure and function
structure:
-embryonic leaf that develops along growing embryo
function:
-helps in the storage + transfer of nutrients to growing embryo
If you were to cut the stem of a germinating bean plant in half horizontally, you would find an outer ring of cells. These cells are composed of which tissue?
dermal tissue
root pressure helps push water up the ______and usually operates at night
xylem
-root pressure occurs when cells inside root have less water than soil surrounding them
-energy from ATP is used to move minerals into root, within root + up the stem
-water is drawn into root due to concentration gradient that forms + then follows minerals as the move up –> process called root pressure
which type of force is associated with getting water to tops of tall trees?
cohesion
water inside a tree trunk is able to move upward bc water molecules stick to each other to form continuous chains–> this property is called…
cohesion
-water molecules have a large amount of cohesion with each other
-means that molecules stick together bc of slightly positive and negative ends of each molecule
transpiration
-loss of water through stomata of leaves during hours of sunshine
-water loss helps to cool leaf and draw more water up to leaves for photosynthesis
the movement of sugars and water through phloem is called _______
translocation
-movement of sugars, organic molecules and water through sieve-tube members of phloem is called translocation
a roots epidermal cells and ground tissue cells use energy from a chemical called ___ to accumulate certain minerals
ATP
spring is the only time of year when _____ transports sugars and it occurs only in certain tree species
xylem
pore used for gas exchange
stoma
where is most of the plant’s water supply taken in?
root hairs
What hormone is involved in phototropism?
auxin
Tropisms
Tropisms are slow growth responses that make parts of a plant bend or grow in the opposite direction of an environmental stimulus
Growth or bending toward a stimulus is a ______ tropism
positive
Growth or bending away from a stimulus is a _______ tropism
negative
A plant changing in growth because of touch is called …
thigmotropism
why does thigmotropism occur?
This occurs because of changes in cell shape in tendril→cells in contact with support get shorter→cells on opposite side of tendril get longer
example of thigmotropism
Example of this is a seed’s response to mechanical stress
- e.g. growing seed presses against rock→seed bends→avoids obstacle
Growth of a plant part toward or away from light is an example of …
phototropism
Many events in lives of plants (budding, flowering, shedding leaves) are caused by changes in
day length
Plant growth’s response to gravity is called
gravitropism
Roots have ______ gravitropism since they grow in same direction as gravity
positive
Shoots have ______ gravitropism since they grow in opposite direction as gravity
negative
Uneven split of organelles may cause cells to move auxins or cytokinins within shoot or root→ affecting…
affecting cell’s growth.
Which type of tissue transports water, mineral nutrients, and organic molecules between the roots and stems?
vascular
The _____ produces new cells that enable a plant to grow in length.
apical meristem
Apical meristems are the ____ at the tips of roots and at the buds of shoots that enable a plant to _______
tissues; grow in length.
The force of _____ is so strong that it can pull water from the soil into the roots and all the way up a tree.
transpiration
Water is prevented from falling back to the roots at night by
adhesion
petiole
stalk that connects the leaf blade to the stem
sepals
structures that cover and protect the flower bud
blade
main, usually flattened, part of the leaf
dermal tissue of non-woody plants
epidermis
style
female reproductive structure that supports the stigma
outer covering of the plant
dermal tissue
loosely packed cells in the lower portion of the leaf
spongy mesophyll
vascular tissue that transports food
phloem
xylem
vascular tissue that transports water and minerals
parenchyma
thin-walled cells with large central vacuoles
collenchyma
cells that have unevenly thickened cell walls
palisade mesophyll
elongated cells specialized for capturing light
sclerenchyma
cells specialized for support
tissue of the root consisting primarily of parenchyma cells
cortex
growth that increases plant length
primary growth
secondary growth
growth that increases plant width
force that pulls water up a woody stem
transpiration pull
movement of water and sucrose in phloem
translocation
endodermis
layer of waxy cells
long, tapered secondary xylem cells
tracheids
wide, short secondary xylem cells
vessel elements
phloem cells with end walls like sieves
sieve tube members
The modified leaves that cover and protect flower buds are called
sepals
The layer of waxy cells that prevents minerals from leaking back out of the xylem tissue is the _____
endodermis
Sucrose, water, and other organic compounds are transported by the _____ of the phloem
sieve tube members
Just a few molecules of hormone can cause a cell to respond by
I) inhibiting enzymes.
II) changing the properties of the cell membrane.
III) turning genes on or off
IV) changing into a different cell type.
l, ll, lll
Where in a seedling plant are auxins produced?
shoot tip
Produced at the tips of stems and roots, _____ cause(s) a wide variety of effects. One of their main roles is to stimulate growth of stems by promoting both cell division and cell elongation, an effect similar to auxins.
gibberellins
What did Charles Darwin discover about grass shoots when he performed the experiment shown here?
Something in the tips of the shoot sensed light and caused the part below it to bend toward it
cells on the shaded side of a plant grow faster than cells on the lighted side, causing the plant to bend toward the light.
In what part of this shoot are auxins in highest concentration?
shaded side of stem
Bananas are picked, stored, and transported while green, as shown here, and then exposed to _____ for ripening just before they are sold.
ethene (causes ripening)
What is not a dry-climate plant adaptation?
a) Leaves modified into spines
b) Water storage in a fleshy stem
c) Above-ground roots
d) Leaves with thick cuticles
c) Above-ground roots
(Dry-climate adaptations in plants have developed because of the harsh growing conditions drought places plants under. These adaptations include water storage in fleshy stems, and reductions in water loss via transpiration by having spines instead of leaves, and by having leaves with thick, waxy cuticles. Above-ground roots is a strategy for plants in very wet climate conditions.)
Which of the following is a plant adaptation to a very cold environment?
Long spine-shaped leaves
“Furry” leaves
Very small leaves
Broad flat leaves
very small leaves
A plant’s first line of defense against infection is the physical barrier of the plant’s “skin”, its epidermis and the _____ that cover(s) it.
waxy cuticle
Some plants have chemicals that signal _____ production when they become infected. This hardens the cell walls around the infected area and seals off the invading pathogen from the rest of the plant.
lignin
(wrong answer feedback:If a pathogen enters a plant though a cut, abrasion, or even the stomata, it often triggers two responses. The first is the release of antimicrobial compounds to fight the pathogen. The second is the release of lignin, which seals off the infected area, preventing the spread of the infection)
When exposed to light, potato tubers produce a bitter chemical called _____, which is a fungicide and insecticide that also protects tubers from being eaten if they are unearthed.
solanine
The leaves of the mimosa plant, shown here, rapidly close after being touched. This response is due to
transport of ions out of cells
Powdery mildew, shown here, is a disease caused by a(n) _____ that affects many plant species, and while it rarely kills plants, infected leaves may fall off and photosynthesis will be reduced.
fungus
The chief function of auxins is to promote
plant growth
When light is coming from one side of a plant, the plant leans to the light. Cells on the _____ side of a plant grow faster than cells on the _____ side.
shaded; lighted
The chemical that is released during the burning of kerosene and helps ripen fruit is called
ethene
The plant hormone _____ promotes seed germination, while the hormone _____ promotes dormancy in seeds.
gibberellins; abiscisic acid
One terrestrial plant adapted to living in very wet environments is the
mangrove tree
When excess salt builds up in the soil, root cells lose
water
Why are soybeans often planted in a crop rotation with corn and wheat?
they house nitrogen-fixing bacteria
While examining his crop of canola, James became concerned when he observed many of the leaves had turned yellow, and the growth of entire plants had become stunted. This crop of canola is most likely deficient in which chemical?
nitrogen
(Nitrogen is a very important mineral for plant growth. Nitrogen deficiencies in plants like canola can result in the yellowing leaves already present, the growth of small, pale green newer leaves, and stunted growth of the entire plant overall)
which hormone increases plant growth by stimulating cell division
cytokinins
which hormone inhibits cell division in buds and in vascular cambium
abscisic acid
which hormone stimulates growth of stems by promoting cell division
gibberellins
Plant hormones called _____ inhibit the branching of axillary buds, the orange structures shown in this diagram, while hormones called _____ promote the branching of axillary buds.
auxins; cytokinins
The hormone _____ promoted dormancy in these trees and shrubs.
abscisic acid
This loss of leaves is due to an increase in the concentration of _____ and a decrease in the concentration of _____.
ethylene; auxins
Desert plants, such as these “living stones”, store water in their fleshy stems are called
succulents
