11.1 Blood and Vessels Flashcards
3 major components of the circulatory system
blood, heart, blood vessels
the blood
-A type of connective tissue, made up of cells and liquid
-Carries nutrients and waste
the heart
-Multi-chambered, muscular organ
-Pumps blood throughout the body (force)
blood vessels
-Tubes that form a pipeline through the body
-Transport blood (+nutrients +waste) around the body
organisms that have an open circulatory system
grasshopper, insects, lobsters, crabs
organisms that have a closed circulatory system
earthworms, squids, humans
describe an open circulatory system
-Blood is not contained within vessels
-Tubular heart pumps blood through vessels
-Vessels open into spongy chambers called sinuses
-Deoxygenated blood is collected from another set of sinuses making its way back to the heart
describe a closed circulatory system
-Blood is contained within blood vessels
-Nutrients, O2 , and waste move in and out through thin walls of vessels
-Blood is circulated more efficiently in a closed system
-It can be pumped under higher pressure
in which circulatory system is blood enclosed in a heart?
closed circulatory system
in which circulatory system is blood circulated more efficiently?
closed circulatory system
blood is a specialized _____ ______, that’s part cellular and part liquid
connective tissue
what is blood composed of?
platelets, plasma, RBC’s, WBC’s
another name for red blood cells
erythrocytes
another name for white blood cells
leukocytes
functions of blood
Transports O2, water, nutrients to cells
Removes waste from cells
Aids in temperature regulation
Helps to fight infection and heal wounds
plasma is ___% of blood volume
55%
___% of plasma is water
90%
how does the water in plasma help the body?
Helps to control body temperature
10% of plasma is made up of ___________________
10% made of proteins, dissolved nutrients, and wastes
how do plasma proteins help the body?
Plasma proteins transport fatty acids and vitamins, and fight viral and bacterial infections
____% of RBC’s make up blood volume
45%
function of RBC’s
Red blood cells contain a protein called hemoglobin, which carries oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body.
what gives RBCs their crimson colour?
O2 molecules bind to the iron portion of hemoglobin, which gives it a crimson colour
RBC’s are produced in the ___________
bone marrow
what gives RBCs their disk shape?
As RBC’s mature they lose their nuclei and mitochondria (making them disc-shaped)
how does the shape of RBCs benefit them?
Shape provides increased surface area for O2 transfer and flexibility to fit through blood vessels
Why can’t RBCs replace proteins, grow, or divide?
because it does not have a nucleus
what is the typical lifespan of an RBC?
100-120 days
Where does the iron from old RBC’s go?
gets recycled and returned to the bone marrow where it is used in new RBC’s
function of WBC’s
Guard against infection
Fight parasites
Attack bacteria
Why don’t WBC’s have to stay within blood vessels?
They need to move through the vessel walls when they are needed to attack foreign organisms
WBC’s travel to the ___________ to resolve the issue
site of infection
what is pus?
combination of WBC’s and dead bacteria
where are WBCs produced?
WBC’s are also produced in the bone marrow
true or false: WBC’s keep their nuclei and live for years
true
what are platelets
Plasma proteins that aid in the clotting process
how are platelets formed?
cell fragments that originate when the cytoplasm of bone marrow cells divide
true or false: putting pressure on the wound makes clotting process occur slower
false
putting pressure on the wound helps clotting process occur faster
what do platelets do when there are damaged blood vessels?
Platelets stick to site where there are damaged blood vessels
describe the clotting process
Platelets stick to site where there are damaged blood vessels
Platelets break apart and release clotting factors
-clotting factors make other platelets sticky and activate a series of reactions in the plasma
These reactions result in the formation of a strand-like protein called fibrin
-fibrin threads trap RBC’s and platelets
Within minutes this network of threads and cells builds up, forming a patch that stretches over the torn tissue
When this dries it forms a scab, which protects the area while new tissue is formed
when clotting factors make other platelets sticky and activate a series of reactions in the plasma, what does the reaction result in?
a strand-like protein called fibrin
how is a scab formed?
-fibrin threads trapped RBC’s and platelets
-within minutes this network of threads and cells builds up, forming a patch that stretches over the torn tissue
-when this dries it forms a scab, which protects the area while new tissue is formed
basic description of steps in clotting process
Platelets stick to site
Platelets break apart to form clotting factors
Fibrin is produced
Thick web/mesh formed trapping RBC’s and platelets
Mesh like barrier is formed around injury site to protect while healing
3 types of blood vessels
arteries, veins, capillaries
walls of vessels contain
smooth muscle, connective tissue, epithelial tissue
smooth muscle
Regulates the diameter of the blood vessel
connective tissue
Enables the blood vessel to expand and contract as blood flows through it
Epithelial tissue
Epithelial tissue lines the walls of blood vessels (outside layer)
arteries
Carry blood (away) from heart to tissues
what are artery walls made of?
Walls made up of epithelial tissue wrapped in layers of smooth muscle and connective tissue
Blood in arteries is under ______ due to heart’s pumping action
pressure
what does pressure in the arteries ensure?
Pressure ensures blood flow in only one direction
Arteries branch into smaller and smaller vessels where they are called _______
arterioles
The force that blood exerts against the artery walls is called _____ ________
blood pressure
veins
Blood returns from capillaries to heart through veins
what are vein walls made of?
Walls of veins consist of epithelial tissue surrounded by smooth muscle and connective tissue
Muscle layer in veins is ______ than in arteries
thinner
Blood in veins is under very _______ pressure
little
what is the main force pushing blood through veins?
skeletal muscle tissue
Contracting these muscles ____ veins, forcing ____ through them
squeezes; blood
capillaries
Microscopic blood vessels with a high surface area resembling tiny tubes
capillaries provide close contact with ___________
all cells of the body
true or false: capillaries are very narrow
true
what are capillary walls made of?
Walls contain epithelial tissue encased in a moist membrane
_____ & ____ pass out of blood and ____ passes into blood
Nutrients and oxygen; waste
arteries
-Carry blood from heart
-Walls are made up of epithelial tissue wrapped in a thick layer of smooth muscle and connective tissue (elastic)
-Blood under a large amount of pressure
-Pressure ensures blood flow in only one direction
veins
-Carry blood to heart
-Walls are made up of epithelial tissue
-wrapped in a thin layer of smooth muscle and
connective tissue (non-elastic)
-Blood under little pressure
-Valves and skeletal muscle ensure blood flow in only one direction
diffusion
molecules (nutrients, waste etc) move from a high to low concentration
diffusion gradient
gradual change in concentration of solutes in a solution as a function of the distance through the solution
where does Nutrient Exchange Between Blood and Cells occur?
in the capillaries
the Lymphatic System
A network of vessels, nodes (connecting points), and organs that collect the fluid that leaves the capillaries (3-4L/ day)
function of lymphatic system
Screens fluid for micro-organisms and returns it to the circulatory system
Once inside the lymphatic vessels, the fluid is called _________
lymph
what is lymph
Clear, watery fluid made up of protein molecules, salt, glucose, and other substances
If lymphatic system did not drain lymph it would…
accumulate and cause edema (swelling)
Lymph vessels have valves preventing…
backflow into capillaries
Lymph drains into ______ near the ____
circulatory system; heart
Spleen is part of the ___________ system
lymphatic
function of spleen
Helps to remove old or damaged blood cells, stores platelets, and helps control the amount of blood and blood cells throughout the body
how does lymph help to provide immunity?
-WBC’s mature in thymus
-Lymph nodes filter out harmful micro-organisms and abnormal cells
What are three main components of the
circulatory system?
blood,
the heart
the blood vessels
What is an open circulatory system?
-blood is not entirely contained within blood vessels
What is an example of an animal that has
an open circulatory system?
e.g. in the grasshopper a tubular heart pumps blood through vessels that open into spongy chambers called sinuses.
-from the sinuses, the blood bathes the body tissues, then collects in another set of sinuses
and makes its way back to the heart.
What is a closed circulatory system?
blood remains contained entirely within blood vessels that extend throughout the body.
nutrients, oxygen, and wastes move in and out through the thin walls of the smallest blood vessels.
What is an example of an animal that has
a closed circulatory system?
Earthworms, squids, octopuses, and vertebrates all have closed circulatory
systems
why is blood circulated more efficiently in a closed circulatory system than an open circulatory system?
The increased efficiency is because blood that is completely contained within blood vessels can be pumped under higher pressure than blood in open-ended vessels.
What are five main functions of blood?
transports oxygen, water, nutrients, and other chemicals to cells.
removes waste products from tissues and delivers them to areas where they can be removed from your body.
regulate body temperature
fight infection
heal wounds
About how long does it take for blood to make
a complete circuit through the human body?
Under normal activity, it takes about one minute for blood to make a complete circuit through your body.
what causes your blood to circulate more quickly, keeping your cells supplied with oxygen and nutrients
Increased activity, such as running
or dancing
About how much blood is found in an average
human body?
4 to 6 L of blood
List the four main components of blood
platelets
plasma
RBC’s
WBC’s
Describe the characteristics of plasma
-straw-coloured solution
-90 percent water, helps to control body temp
-remaining 10 percent is made of proteins,
dissolved nutrients, and wastes, such as carbon dioxide
-plasma proteins transport fatty acids and vitamins, and fight viral and bacterial infections
What is the main function of red
blood cells?
carry oxygen from the lungs to all the
tissues of the body
What is the average life span of a red
blood cell?
between 100 and 120 days
What is the main function of white
blood cells?
cells that guard against infection, fight parasites,
and attack bacteria
What is the average life span of a white
blood cell?
Unlike red blood cells, white blood cells keep their nuclei and can live for years
What is the main function of platelets?
prevent and stop bleeding
-if a blood vessel is damaged, the body sends signals to platelets which cause them to travel to the injured area
-once the platelets arrive at the site, they clump together to form a clot that helps stop bleeding
Where are blood cells made?
bone marrow
What is the function of an artery?
large blood vessels that carry blood from the heart to the tissues
What is the function of a vein?
returns blood from the capillaries to the heart
What is the function of the valves in veins?
allow blood to flow only toward the heart
What is the role of fibrin in blood clotting?
Fibrin threads trap red blood cells and platelets.
Within a few minutes of injury, this network of threads and cells builds up, eventually forming a patch that stretches over the torn tissue.
This patch dries into a scab. The scab protects the area while new tissue grows.
What is lymph?
a clear, watery fluid made up of
protein molecules, salt, glucose, and other substances
What is the main function of lymph?
collects the fluid that leaves capillaries, “screens” it for micro-organisms, and returns it to the circulatory system
What happens if lymph accumulates?
If the lymphatic system did not drain lymph from the tissues, the lymph would accumulate, causing swelling called edema.
How does lymph move through the
lymphatic system?
The combination of muscle contractions
squeezing the lymphatic vessels and the one-way valves helps fluid move through the lymphatic system
What are three functions of the spleen?
-helps remove old or damaged blood cells
-stores platelets
-helps control the amount of blood and blood cells that circulate through the body
How does having a closed circulatory system
benefit a large, active animal?
-animals with a closed circulatory system tend to be larger than those with an open circulatory system
-this type of system can transport blood to extremities while maintaining a higher blood pressure than the open circulatory system
-organisms with a closed system may have higher metabolisms, allowing them to move, digest and eliminate wastes more rapidly
Make a flowchart that describes the
blood-clotting process.
platelets stick to site–> platelets break apart to
form clotting factors–> fibrin is produced–>thick
web/mesh formed trapping RBC’s and platelets–>
mesh like barrier is formed around injury site to protect while healing
Define the term “diffusion.”
molecules move across a membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower
concentration
Explain the role of diffusion in the transport
of nutrients from the source to the cell
Diffusion is important to organisms because it is the process by which useful molecules enter the body cells and waste products are removed.
Digested food molecules (amino acids, glucose) move down a concentration gradient from the intestine to the blood
How does the lymphatic system assist the
circulatory system?
supports the circulatory system by
-draining excess fluids and proteins from tissues, screening for microorganisms and returning it back into the bloodstream/circulatory system(preventing tissue swelling)
-collects fluid that leaves capillaries
