1.2 Science of Classification Flashcards
Scientists use __________ to help identify organisms
Dichotomous Keys
What is a dichotomous key?
a series of questions about how an organism looks to help identify it.
taxonomy definition
the science of naming, identifying and classifying species
Taxonomical Classification
-Organizes species into groups based on
relatedness
-Helps scientists better understand how species are
related
Inbreeding of one species will reduce ____________
genetic diversity
Consequences of inbreeding one species
Epilepsy, breathing problems twisted stomachs, hip dysplasia
Based on what did Linnaeus classify organisms?
He categorized organisms based on Morphology (How they looked)
What did Linnaeus develop?
Developed binomial nomenclature
What is Binomial Nomenclature?
-Two part Latin name of an organism; genus followed by species
-Names must be Italicized or underlined
Not all organisms belong to the same ____ so different species are grouped into separate categories
genus
What are the 7 taxonomical levels?
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
How many races/species of homo sapiens exist today?
-There is only one species or ‘’race’’ of humans currently alive today.
(The term “race” has been misused by people to promote subjugation of others based on appearance)
Ursus Americanus
American Black Bear
Ursus Maritimus
Polar Bear
Ursus horribilis
Grizzly Bear
We now can organize species based on their evolution using ______________
genetic analysis
Why was the red panda was once believed to be related to the great panda?
The red panda was once believed to be related to the great panda based on their morphological similarities
What did genetics prove about the red panda?
Genetics proved the red panda is more related to raccoons
Phylogeny definition
the evolutionary development of a group of organisms
Phylogenetic Tree
a diagram that illustrates the evolutionary relationships between species
Taxon – (pl. Taxa)
a group of related organisms
Common Ancestor
an ancestor shared by two or more species
Domain
the broadest category of life
What are the 3 domains of life?
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Describe the domain bacteria
Prokaryotic
Single Celled
Cell walls with peptidoglycan (sugar)
Autotrophic/ Heterotrophic
No membrane bound nucleus
Describe the domain archaea
Prokaryotic
Single Celled
Cell walls WITHOUT Peptidoglycan
Autotrophic/ Heterotrophic
No membrane bound nucleus
Very Similar to Bacteria
(Pyrococcus furiosa and Thermoproteus are hyperthermophiles)
Describe the domain eukarya
Eukaryotic
Single or Multicellular
Membrane bound nucleus
Split into FOUR major kingdoms:
Protista*
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Why are protists not a true group?
Protists are a collection of oddball organisms and are not a true group
Describe the kingdom Protista
Cell walls of Cellulose
Mostly single celled (unicellular); colonial and multicellular
Heterotrophic/Autotrophic
Can be Animal, plant or fungus-like
Ex. Amoeba Paramecium
Describe the kingdom Fungi
Cell walls of Chitin
Mostly multicellular; can be unicellular
Breaks down organic matter into nutrients
Describe the kingdom Plantae
Cell walls of Cellulose
Contain Chloroplasts (Photosynthetic organelles)
Mostly multicellular; unicellular
Autotrophic
Mosses, Ferns, Flowering Plants etc.
Describe the kingdom Animalia
Cell Membrane (No cell walls/No Chloroplasts)
Multicellular
Heterotrophic
Birds, Fish, Reptiles, Mammals, Insects etc.
Kingdom of bacteria
eubacteria
cell type of bacteria
prokaryote
cell structures of bacteria
Cell walls with peptidoglycan, a coat of sugars
number of cells in bacteria
unicellular
mode of nutrition of bacteria
Makes its own food or eats other organisms
examples of bacteria
Staphylococcus, Salmonella
kingdom of archaea
archaebacteria
cell type of archaea
prokaryote
cell structures of archaea
Cell walls WITHOUT peptidoglycan
number of cells in archaea
unicellular
mode of nutrition of archaea
Makes its own food or eats other organisms
kingdoms in Eukarya
protista, fungi, plantae, animalia
cell type of protista
eukaryote
cell structures of protista
Cell walls of cellulose in some; some have chloroplasts
number of cells in protista
Most unicellular,
some colonial,
some multicellular
mode of nutrition of protista
Makes its own food or eats other organisms
examples of protista
Amoeba,
Paramecium,
blue green algae
cell type of fungi
eukaryote
cell structures of fungi
Cell walls of chitin
number of cells in fungi
Most multicellular, some unicellular
mode of nutrition of fungi
Breaks down organic matter into nutrients
examples of fungi
mold, mushrooms
cell type of plantae
eukaryote
cell structures of plantae
Cell walls of cellulose, chloroplasts
number of cells in plantae
Most multicellular,
some unicellular
mode of nutrition of plantae
Makes its own food
examples of plantae
Mosses, ferns, conifers, flowering plants
cell type of animalia
eukaryote
cell structures in animalia
NO cell walls or chloroplasts
number of cells in animalia
multicellular
mode of nutrition of animalia
Eats other organisms
examples of animalia
Jellyfish, worms, insects, birds, mammals
How does the classification of organisms lead
to a better understanding of biodiversity?
A good understanding of biodiversity requires
a systematic approach to classifying living things that go beyond the physical appearance of organisms
-The classification of an organism often provides useful information about its evolutionary history and which other organisms are related to it.
What are some advantages of using binomial
nomenclature?
-every organism on earth has a unique name which allows it to be identified
-efficient and used everywhere
What is a dichotomous key and how is it used?
tool used by scientists and non-scientists to identify organisms with which they are unfamiliar
-poses a series of questions about an
organism, and each question asks users to choose between two possible characteristics that the organism may have
Why are common names like daisy and
mountain lion often the source of confusion
for scientists?
Common names often refer to many different species and even organisms that are very different from each other
-Common names also vary from region to region. So they often can be very confusing to anyone but the locals in the region where they are used
List the major taxonomic ranks in Linnaean
classification from largest to smallest
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
What are the six kingdoms of life?
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
What is the major difference between
organisms that belong to the domain Eukarya
and organisms that belong to the domains
Bacteria and Archaea?
bacteria+archaea vs. eukarya
-unicellular vs multicellular
-cell walls vs. no cell walls
-no nucleus vs. nucleus
-no organelles vs. organelles
The scientific name for the brown bear is
Ursus arctos. What does each part of the
name represent?
first part (genus), second part (species)
Explain how the terms “species” and
“organism” are similar and different
According to the biological species concept, organisms belong to the same species if they can interbreed to produce viable, fertile offspring.
An “organism” is an individual. A “species” is a population of organisms.
What is a major problem of traditional
Linnaean classification? Give an example that
demonstrates this problem
taxonomists encounter difficulties when they use only anatomical similarities and differences to classify organisms.
For example, koala bears, polar bears, and giant pandas look somewhat similar anatomically, but deeper analysis reveals major differences among the three species
The family that contains wolves and foxes is
characterized by complex social structures.
If dingoes are a part of the same family, what
information do you know about these animals?
they share similar characteristics to wolves and foxes
Explain why scientists have had difficulty in
classifying the giant panda.
-Giant pandas share many characteristics with red
pandas and raccoons, making the species challenging to classify.
-After analyzing the DNA of these organisms, scientists have determined that giant pandas are
more closely related to bears than red pandas or raccoons
