Internal Systems Unit Review Flashcards
Which of these diseases may be controlled, or even prevented, by adopting a healthy diet?
I) Diabetes Type II
II) Atherosclerosis
III) Aneurysm
IV) Emphysema
l and ll
What is not considered to be a macronutrient?
Fats
Water
Protein
Vitamins
vitamins
Which molecule is dissolved in your blood and provides energy directly to your body’s cells?
Starch
Amylase
Glucose
Glycogen
glucose
Diabetes is a group of diseases that result in too much _____ in the blood.
glucose
Which of these products is a good source of protein?
I) Omega-3 fish oil
II) Eggs
III) Hummus (chickpeas and sesame seed paste)
IV) Broccoli
ll and lll
Which nutrient provides the most fuel per gram in the body?
fats
Smoking, or a diet high in fats, can contribute to an increase in blood pressure by causing _____.
veins to collapse
the heart to beat slower
arteries to become less elastic
arteries to become less elastic
What can lead to an increase in blood pressure?
I) Smoking
II) Untreated diabetes
III) High LDL cholesterol level
IV) Overweight
all
Which are functions of saliva?
I) Digest starches
II) Help fight infection
III) Neutralize acidic food
IV) Moisten food
all
Which structure of the digestive system is shared with the respiratory system?
pharynx
Which digestive organ, when not functioning properly, can result in heart disease?
Liver
Pancreas
Duodenum
Gall bladder
pancreas
Diabetes is a disease in which there is excessive sugar in the blood but cells cannot access it. A problem with which of the following processes causes this disease?
Secretion of a hormone
Metabolism of fats
Production of an enzyme
Digestion of carbohydrates
Secretion of a hormone
Diabetes is a disease in which there is excessive sugar in the blood but cells in tissues cannot access it. What is a common symptom of this disease?
Constipation
Problems breathing
Weight gain
Lethargy
Lethargy
Which statement about the colon is false?
Dietary fibre can help keep the colon healthy
Water used in digestion is absorbed in the colon
Bacteria in the colon can produce vitamins
The colon is the longest section of the alimentary canal
The colon is the longest section of the alimentary canal
Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder of the small intestine in which wheat protein causes an inflammatory reaction in the lining of the small intestine. The villi are damaged and shortened. What is most likely to be a symptom of this disease?
Stomach ulcer
Dry mouth
Malnutrition
Constipation
Malnutrition
What is the role of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?
To break down starches and kill bacteria
To break apart food cells and kill bacteria
To break large proteins into smaller peptides
To help prepare fats for hydrolysis
To break apart food cells and kill bacteria
protease enzyme
breaks bonds
What cell type makes up the innermost layer of an artery?
epithelial
Where does nutrient-rich blood from the small intestine go once it is absorbed into capillaries in the villi?
Pulmonary circuit
Lymphatic system
Heart
Liver
liver
Which factors increase the efficiency of our cardiovascular system?
I) Blood in vessels can be transported quickly under high pressure
II) The long length of major arteries increases the efficiency of gas diffusion
III) Nutrients and gases are transported by both the blood vessels and lymph vessels, maximizing volume
IV) Hemoglobin in blood increases the diffusion gradient of oxygen
I and IV
Our cardiovascular system contains a network of about _____ of vessels.
100, 000 km
Plasma
I) transports carbon dioxide.
II) is about 40% water.
III) contains white blood cells.
IV) is the same as lymph.
transports CO2
What does the brain sense when there is too much carbon dioxide in the blood?
It senses a drop in pH caused by carbonic acid dissolved in the plasma.
When cilia lining the respiratory system become damaged from smoking, what respiratory disorder is most likely to develop?
Cystic fibrosis
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
Pneumonia
Emphysema
emphysema
In which type of pressure (systolic vs. diastolic) is arterial blood pressure being measured?
diastolic
The appendix, a small pouch-like structure in the colon, is a part of which organ system?
immune
In this diagnostic procedure, a thin, lighted tube with an attached camera is inserted through the rectum so that the intestine can be visually inspected.
What is this procedure called?
colonoscopy
What is not present in the open circulatory system of this grasshopper?
Vessels
Capillaries
Heart
Blood
capillaries
Bone marrow is essential to the cardiovascular system because it produces
I) red blood cells.
II) white blood cells.
III) lymph.
IV) plasma.
l and ll
____ are cell fragments that release clotting factors where a blood vessel is damaged.
platelets
(a) Name three categories of fats.
(b) Explain the difference between them. k
trans fats:
worst type of fat to eat. Unlike other dietary fats, trans fats raise “bad” cholesterol and also lowers “good” cholesterol
saturated fats:
a type of dietary fat. It is one of the unhealthy fats, along with trans fat. These fats are most often solid at room temperature
unsaturated fats:
liquid at room temperature, are considered beneficial fats because they can improve blood cholesterol levels, ease inflammation, stabilize heart rhythms, and play a number of other beneficial roles.
Describe the relationship between protein
and amino acids
protein is a macromolecule and amino acids are the monomers
-amino acids make up protein and protein breaks down into amino acids
Why must your diet include essential
amino acids?
-your cells can’t make it from other molecules
-if you lack even one of them, you can’t make protein properly
where does saturated fat get its name from?
-Some fats have only single bonds between carbon atoms in the fatty acids.
-Each of these carbon atoms has the maximum number of hydrogen atoms, so the fat is called “saturated.”
Explain why it is dangerous to ingest high
quantities of fat-soluble vitamins
High intake of fat-soluble or water-soluble vitamins can lead to accumulation of vitamins in body tissues and fluids that cause toxicity and hypervitaminosis
What is a calorie?
A calorie is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C
Which nutrient should make up half or more
of your daily intake of nutrients?
carbohydrates
What term describes a substance that is purified
from foods and taken like a medicine?
nutraceutical
What term describes a food that has health
benefits beyond the normal nutritional benefit
of the food?
functional food
What is the difference between a digestive sac
and an alimentary canal?
a digestive sac processes nutrients, and food enters and wastes exit through the same opening
Why would a herbivore have a longer
alimentary canal than a carnivore?
The length of an animal’s alimentary canal is often correlated with diet.
In general, herbivores and omnivores have longer alimentary canals, relative to their body size, than carnivores.
Vegetation is more difficult to digest than meat because it contains cell walls.
Explain how the structures of the mouth
prepare the food for processing in the rest
of the digestive system
Your mouth functions both in ingestion and in the
beginning of digestion.
-your teeth and tongue work together to accomplish mechanical digestion
-this makes the food easier to swallow and
exposes more surface area so that chemical
digestion can occur more easily
-as your teeth cut and grind the food, your salivary glands secrete saliva.
-saliva is a watery liquid that contains
digestive enzymes, mucus, and other
chemicals to help chemically digest your food
-saliva contains mucus, a sticky substance that coats and lubricates the food so that it can slide down the tube without harming the tissues that line the tube
(a) Define the term “peristalsis.”
(b) Explain the function of peristalsis in
digestion.
peristalsis is when food is pushed through the esophagus by a series of muscle contractions
-during peristalsis the muscles contract in a wave-like motion that forces the bolus of food toward the
stomach
Explain how the structure of the stomach enables
both mechanical and chemical digestion
Pits in the lining of the stomach secrete gastric juice(mixture of hydrochloric acid, enzymes,
and mucus) which breaks apart cells in food and kills bacteria
The churning action of muscles in the stomach wall mixes contents in the stomach
-This form of mechanical digestion turns the
bolus into an acidic, nutrient-rich liquid called
chyme
