Past Quiz & Test Questions Flashcards
formula for actual size of an object
field of view diameter (micrometres)
_____________________________________________________
# of times specimen fits across field of view
ocular lens = 10X and low power= 4X, what is the total magnification?
40X
ocular lens = 10X and medium power= 10X, what is the total magnification?
100X
ocular lens = 10X and high power= 40X, what is the total magnification?
400X
how do you find the field of view diameter?
find size of field (mm) and multiply by 1000 to convert to micrometres
what equation do we use to calculate field diameter?
HPFD LPMag.
______ = ________
LPFD HPMag.
what equation do we use to calculate field diameter on medium power?
MPFD LPMag. (40x)
______ = ________
LPFD MPMag. (100x)
HPFD 40x
______ = _____
4500 400x
find the field diameter on high power
4500 x 40
___________
400
=450 micrometres
a microscope has a LPFD of 3000μm, HPM of 400μm and LPM of 40x. Calculate the HPFD.
HPFD LPMag.
______ = ________
LPFD HPMag.
HPFD 40x
______ = ________
3000 400
40 x 3000
= __________
400
HPFD = 300μm
what is the equation to find the scale?
measured length of the drawing (μm)
________________________________________
actual size (μm)
if the measured length is 10mm, what does it become after you convert it to micrometres?
10 x 1000
=10, 000 μm
Find the scale of a drawing if the actual size of the specimen is 40 μm and measured length is 20mm.
mm–>μm = x1000
20 x 1000= 20, 000 μm
20,000 μm
______________
40
scale = 500:1 (500 times larger)
Find the field of view diameter of the high powered field of view. The low power field of view diameter is 3.5mm, the low powered objective is 4X and the high is 40X.
1) 3.5mm –> μm = 3500μm
2) 4X x 10 (ocular lens) = 40X
3) 40X x 10 (ocular lens) = 400X
4)
HPFD LPMag.
______ = ________
LPFD HPMag.
HPFD 40X
______ = _____
3500 400X
3500 x 40 / 400
HPFD =350μm
This specimen is on high power. The HPFD is 350μm, high power objective lens is 400X, fits across 6 times and FOV on low power is 3500μm.
Use only the information you need to calculate the actual size of the specimen.
of times specimen fits across
actual size
FOV diameter (μm) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ # of times specimen fits across
350μm / 6 (times)
= 58 μm
Your lab group had trouble finding a specimen while using the high-powered objective of the microscope. What should you do to find the specimen again?
use the low power objective first to centre it and add or reduce light to see it better
How is an amoeba classified? Include 2 levels of classification
-eukaryote
-animal-like protist
How are paramecium classified? Include 2 levels of classification
-eukaryote
-animal-like protist
A microscope on low power, has a field of view that measures 4mm. The spores under the slide are photographed under low powered magnification of 40X. Goes across 7 times. Find the actual size of the organism.
actual size= 4000 / 7
= 571.43 μm
A microscope has a low powered field diameter of 4mm. Find the diameter of the field of view on high if the objective lens has a power of 4X on low and 40X on high.
4mm = 4000μm
4000 x 40
____________
400
= 400 μm
True or false: monocultures are successful because of genetic diversity
false
True or false: Bees affect genetic diversity of other species
true
true or false: prokaryotes have membrane bound organelles
false
true or false: there are 3 races of Homo sapiens sapiens
false
true or false: archaebacteria have peptidoglycan in their cell walls
false
true or false: fungi are photoautotrophic
false
true or false: binomial nomenclature includes the family and genus name
false
true or false: Linnaeus’ classification system was originally built upon genetic relatedness
false
T or F: species diversity doesn’t affect ecosystem diversity
false
T or F: A dichotomous key uses three traits per question to distinguish flora and fauna
false
chordates are organisms that all have:
backbones
which of the following is classified based on the chitinous composition of its cells?
a. animals
b. plants
c. protists
d. fungi
fungi
which of the following would be considered a hybrid species?
a. protists
b. paramecium
c. the offspring of a great dane and a chihuahua
d. a mule
e. all of the above
d. a mule
which of the following is most difficult for taxonomists to classify?
a. eukaryotes
b. prokaryotes
c. archaebacteria
d. protists
e. plantae
d. protists
prokaryotes reproduce via:
a. fission/budding
b. transmutation
c. sexual reproduction
d. meiosis
e. they cannot reproduce on their own; they need a host
a. fission/budding
Why is pollination so significant?
a. it decreases genetic diversity
b. it allows honey bees to reproduce
c. it prevents the spread of diseases
d. it allows for plants to sexually reproduce
e. all of the above
d. it allows for plants to sexually reproduce
Explain it was so difficult for scientists to classify the Red Panda. How was it finally classified in terms of relatedness and by what means?
-morphologically similar to great panda but more closely related to raccoons
-reclassified by genetic analysis
draw a clearly labelled phylogeny that demonstrates the relatedness of the 3 domains
(look at pg 21 in textbook for diagram)
True or False: euglena is a chemoautotroph
false
True or False: lytic cycles allow for dormancy in viruses
false
True or False: endospores are used by bacillus anthracis
true
True or False: yeasts are unicellular protists
false
True or False: all protists are motile
false
True or False: unicellular organisms can feed via endocytosis
true
True or False: transformation allows for genetic diversity in bacteria
true
True or False: bacteria can reproduce sexually via binary fission
false
True or False: truffles are unicellular
false
True or False: conjugation involves the transfer of plasmids
true
what is a red tide caused by?
Harmful algal bloom (HABs), is caused by microscopic algae that produce toxins that kill fish and make shellfish dangerous to eat
malaria is caused by a
a.mosquito
b.virus
c.protist
d.fungi
e.both b and c
c. protist
which of the following lives symbiotically with 80% of plants on earth?
a.mycelium
b.mycorrhizae
c.hyphae
d.dikaryotic hyphae
b. mycorrhizae
which of the following is a protist
a.plasmodial slime mould
b.plasmodium
c.both a and b
d.fairy ring
c. both a and b
which fungal phylum includes bread molds?
a.sac fungi
b.zygomycota
c.chytrids
d.ascomycota
b. zygomycota
what is the reproductive structure of fungi
fruiting body
true or false: influenza is a retrovirus
false
explain how protists are essential for life but are also harmful. give 2 different examples
-essential part of food chain (brown kelp)
-harmful + causes diseases (plasmodium)
explain the sexual life cycle of a fungus
(know how to draw it as well)
starts with - hyphae and + hyphae
- Plasmogamy:
-cytoplasm of both hyphae fuse together (2
separate nuclei)
-haploid - Karyogamy
-two nuclei fuse together creating a zygospore
-diploid - Meiosis
-zygospore undergoes meiosis to create sexual
haploid spores - Germination
-haploid spores germinate, producing hyphae
-hyphae grow into mycelium and cycle repeats
The net effect of photosynthesis, chemically, is reduction, leading to the formation of which products?
Oxygen and carbohydrates
A cell membrane is ______________
Semipermeable
A cell uses which of the following to accelerate chemical reactions enabling its metabolic machinery to operate?
a. Centrasome
b. Lysosome
c. Golgi apparatus
d. Enzymes
enzymes
Light initiates different types of cellular reactions. Which response to light converts the energy from light into a gain of potential energy?
photosynthesis
Genetic information is transferred from the nucleus to cytoplasm by way of _______________.
a. Hydrochloric acid
b. Dexyribonucleic acid
c. Ribonucleic acid
d. Amino acid
c. Ribonucleic acid
There are two types of cells, eukaryotic and prokaryotic. Which of the following cellular structures are found in both types of cell?
DNA
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
DNA
What it is the name given to specialized structures within cells responsible for carrying out specific functions such as providing energy and producing hormones?
organelles
All of the following are similarities between unicellular organisms and multicellular organisms, except _____________.
a. Internal complexity
b. Division of labor
c. Size
d. Ecological relationships
size
How many chromosomes does an individual human person have?
46
The term thallus refers to the plant-like structure of which organism?
Brown algae
Single-celled protists with animal-like behavior belong to the phylum ______________.
a. Metazoa
b. Porifera
c. Protozoa
d. Mollusca
protozoa
Sterile female honey bees are called _________________.
workers
Which of the following organisms is a vertebrate?
Frogs
Insects
Earthworms
Sea stars
frogs
Vertebrates are multicellular organisms in Kingdom Animalia. Vertebrates are animals with a backbone, and include mammals, birds, fish, reptiles and amphibians. Insects, earthworms and sea stars belong to a group of animals without a backbone, invertebrates.
Many animals protect themselves with an exoskeleton. Which of the following is an example of an animal with an exoskeleton?
a. Mollusk
b. Bird
c. Turtle
d. Snake
a. Mollusk
Locomotion in Metazoa is usually due to the contraction of what?
a. Skeleton
b. Muscle
c. Skin
d. Nerves
muscle
In normal sexual reproduction, two mature gametes fuse to form a(n) _____________.
zygote
Changes in the genetic makeup of an organism may be due to which of the following?
a. New combinations of chromosomes
b. Chromosome mutation
c. Gene mututation
d. All of the above
d. All of the above
The phrase “survival of the fittest” is an alternate phrase expressing which principle?
natural selection
Which of the following directly (as opposed to indirectly) supports Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution?
a. Evidence from Paleontology
b. Evidence from Geographical Distribution
c. Evidence from Physiology
d. Evidence from Genetics
d. Evidence from Genetics
Genetic evidence is the most direct type of evidence used to support the theory of evolution. Since adaptations are passed along genetically, from one generation to another, evidence for evolution can be collected by examining the genome of individuals of the same species and comparing it to genetic information of ancestral species, species of the same phylogenetic groups and/or common ancestors between several species.
rules for binomial nomenclature
when typing name should be in italics
when writing name should be underlined
if you’re a vertebrate, you must be __________
a chordate
List 3 pieces of evidence that proves the Endosymbiosis Theory
-mitochondria + chloroplasts have their own DNA
-their DNA replicates same way as bacteria
-mitochondria + chloroplasts are the same size as prokaryotes
dominant generation of a conifer
sporophyte
what type of plant group is a conifer from
gymnosperms (conifers=cones=seeds)
what is the only plant group that has gametophytes as a dominant generation
mosses
Your friend has a cold and wants to take some old antibiotics that were lying around unfinished, from a previous prescription. Explain what you would tell your friend and why.
1) antibiotics only work for bacteria not viruses
2) can make you more sick if you keep taking them
3) causes antibiotic resistance
explain MRSA, why it’s bad and how it’s caused
caused by a type of staph bacteria that’s become resistant to many of the antibiotics used to treat ordinary staph infections.
-resistant to antibiotics
-no antibiotics they give you will work
-conjugation: passes on the resistance gene to other bacteria
explain how fungi can be helpful with an example
used in antibiotics (penicillin)
explain how fungi can be harmful with an example
parasitic yeasts cause ringworm, and athlete’s foot
list 4 human activities that are currently threatening biodiversity
overfishing
deforestation (animal habitats)
fossil fuels (GHG–>climate change)
littering (pollution)
compare and contrast algae and angiosperms
Green Algae
-doesn’t undergo alternation of generations
-no water-conducting tissues
Angiosperms
-flower: seeds enclosed in an ovary (fruit)
-attracts animals that spread the seeds
Both:
-undergo photosynthesis
-kingdom plantae
which statement about genes is false?
a. genes are proteins coded for by DNA
b. every cell’s DNA has genes in it
c. genes are units of inherited information
d. genes can code for traits or functions
e. all of the above are true
a. genes are proteins coded for by DNA
which is not a typical activity during interphase?
a. housekeeping and metabolic activities
b. the cell grows in size
c. the cytoplasm divides in two
d. the cell increases its protein supply
e. cell organelles are duplicated
c. the cytoplasm divides in two
daughter cells are genetically identical to the parent cell
mitosis or meiosis?
mitosis
haploid cells result
mitosis or meiosis?
meiosis
occurs in ovaries
mitosis or meiosis?
meiosis
creates pollen grains
mitosis or meiosis?
meiosis
cytokinesis occurs
mitosis or meiosis?
both
involves 2 divisions
mitosis or meiosis?
meiosis
synapsis occurs
mitosis or meiosis?
meiosis
produces gametes
mitosis or meiosis?
meiosis
repairs broken bones
mitosis or meiosis?
mitosis
cells are 2n
mitosis or meiosis?
mitosis
A sequence of DNA reads AGCTTTGCA. What is the complementary strand?
TCGAAACGT
what is the first codon in the template strand “AGCTTTGCA”?
AGC
Give an example of a structural mutation and explain what condition can arise from it. Describe two symptoms of the condition.
deletion of a short arm of chromosome 5
-Cri du Chat syndrome
-abnormal larynx that causes distinctive cry
-abnormal head structure
How is it possible for an organism to inherit a monosomy disorder?
non-disjunction
-missing an X or Y chromosome that goes into another cell, so some have more and some have less (n+1) (n-1)
what can you infer about a disorder that affects only boys, the father has the condition but the mother does not have the condition in her family?
Y linked
what is a “true breeding” organism in genetics
offspring are genetically identical to parents when self-fertilized
The following is a sequence of DNA. List which mutation type is occurring in the four examples:
Original Sequence: T-C-C-G-C-G-A-A
a) TCCTCCTCC
duplication
The following is a sequence of DNA. List which mutation type is occurring in the four examples:
Original Sequence: T-C-C-G-C-G-A-A
b) TGCGCGAA
point mutation
The following is a sequence of DNA. List which mutation type is occurring in the four examples:
Original Sequence: T-C-C-G-C-G-A-A
c) TCGCGAA
deletion
The following is a sequence of DNA. List which mutation type is occurring in the four examples:
Original Sequence: T-C-C-G-C-G-A-A
d) AAGCGCCT
inversion
if the haploid number in an organism is 9, answer these question….
a) number of chromosomes in daughter cells of mitosis
18
if the haploid number in an organism is 9, answer these question….
b) diploid number
18
if the haploid number in an organism is 9, answer these question….
c) prophase l
18
if the haploid number in an organism is 9, answer these question….
d) telophase l
18
if the haploid number in an organism is 9, answer these question….
e) telophase ll
9
enzymes involved in recombinant DNA
-Restriction enzymes
-DNA ligase
give an example of an organism that has been modified using recombinant DNA technology
Bt corn
give an example of an organism that can help to create transgenic plants
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
(don’t forget about binomial nomenclature- proper format)
describe one drawback of recombinant DNA technology in plants
GMOs are being overused in plants and causing social issues –> too many GMOs in fruits and vegetables
describe one advantage of recombinant DNA technology in plants
safflower plants –> produce insulin
describe two ways that genes can be affected by the environment
- Temperature
-siamese cats- mutations–>enzyme sensitive to heat = black and white fur pigment in warm regions - Soil Acidity
-hydrangeas –> changes colour from blue to purple
2 genes are very close together on a chromosome and 2 genes are far apart on a chromosome, which 2 are most likely to be separated from each other by a cross-over event? Explain.
the 2 farthest apart because they are most likely to segregate in meiosis = gene loci far apart
In tomatoes, purple stems are recessive to green stems. How can you figure out the genotype of a green stemmed plant?
use a test cross to determine the unknown genotype
Using your vocabulary, explain why it is unusual for women to be colourblind.
-recessive x-linked disorder
-women need 2 recessive genes of the disorder to get it bc it’s on X chromosomes
-if the mom is a carrier and dad is affected
=50% daughters will be affected
-if the mom is a carrier and dad is not affected
=0% of daughters will be affected
starches are
a) used in long term energy storage
b) monosaccharides
c) a type of sugar
d) a type of carbohydrate
d) a type of carbohydrate
Which of these molecules can the cells of your body use directly without modification
a) polysaccharides
b) amino acids
c) lipids
d) fibre
b) amino acids
which statement is true about proteins?
a) proteins are a main source of energy
b) proteins are monomers
c) they are a type of sugar
d) they are very large molecules
d) they are very large molecules
which of the following is considered a polysaccharide?
a) fructose
b) glucose
c) cellulose
d) lactose
cellulose
which structure prevents food from going down the trachea?
epiglottis
name 3 substances present in the stomach
HCL, gastric juice, pepsin
what does glucose get converted to during storage?
glycogen
True or false: hydrolysis is the process in which a food molecule is split into smaller parts by REMOVING a molecule of water
false
chemical mechanism in which, by ADDING a molecule of water, a molecule is broken into two pieces
True or false: Sucrose is an example of a monosaccharide
false
True or false: when a camera enters the digestive tract, it is called a biopsy
false
capsule endoscopy
True or false: human molars are specialized teeth used to tear off chunks of food
false
True or false: all organisms have a digestive tract
false
some have a digestive sac
True or false: Carnivorous organisms tend to have longer digestive tracts
false
herbivores have longer tracts for digesting grasses
True or false: GERD is caused by acid entering the esophagus
true
What is an ulcer? What causes it? Be specific.
-hole/perforation in the stomach
-caused by bacterial infection (H. Pylori)
What are villi? Why are they important?
Hair-like projections located in the small intestine that absorb nutrients and cover more surface area
trace the pathway food takes in the digestive tract of a typical mammal. include all sphincters so you have 10 words.
-mouth
-pharynx
-esophagus
-cardiac sphincter
-stomach
-pyloric sphincter
-small intestine
-ileocecal sphincter
-large intestine
-anal sphincter
on his 5 year voyage on the HMS Beagle, what did Darwin NOT do?
a) examine fossils
b) develop his theory of natural selection
c) observe an earthquake
d) collect specimens
b) develop his theory of natural selection
if you explore a group of remote, oceanic islands, what should you expect to observe about the local species?
a) that they closely resemble the species living in North America
b) they show little variation
c) they closely resemble the species living on the nearest, largest landmass
d) they are all nearly identical genetically
c) they closely resemble the species living on the nearest, largest landmass
After Darwin’s research, society’s worldview changed in that:
a) uniformitarianism is probable
b) species are fixed and immaculate; they do not change
c) the Earth is considered to be relatively wrong
d) changes in the past were always very quick and catastrophic
a) uniformitarianism is probable
true or false: the oldest fossils are the simplest organisms
true
capybara, wombats, muskrats, coypu and beavers look similar due to ________
environmental pressures
true or false: adaptations are any characteristic that allow an organism to reproduce more successfully
true
hummingbirds and monarch butterflies both have wings. this is an example of __________
analogous structures
how can evolutionary theory explain why Australia is home to relatively few native placental mammals?
marsupials inhabited the island for a long time and few placental mammals are there because they would have to migrate there which’s too difficult for them
Describe how artificial selection acts as proof for natural selection. Use an example
Artificial selection
-humans choose the traits they desire and breed them (favour one trait and keep breeding it)
Natural selection
-environ. would favour a type of one trait in an animal and it would become popular in pop.
You have discovered another organism on a second planet that lives in an environment similar to another organism. Would the two organisms have analogous or homologous features?
Analogous
-adapt to similar environ.
-have different structures but perform the same
function
-don’t share a common ancestor
industrial melanism
evolutionary effect, where an animal’s colour changes in response to an environmental effect caused by pollution
which defense mechanism of the peppered moth was affected by industrial melanism?
colour (light vs dark)
how did industrial melanism affect the phenotype of the moth population in Britain
increased majority of the pop. to dark moths (NS)
what is natural selection?
process where the environ. selects an organism’s trait that helps an organism adapt to environ.
how does natural selection relate to the evolution of the peppered moth?
-environ selected dark colour trait to help moths adapt to their environ
definition of genetic drift
a change in the gene pool due to chance
inbreeding in small populations can lead to:
a) heterozygosity
b) increased fitness
c) homozygosity
d) mutations
c) homozygosity
in 1348, one third of the entire human population of Europe died from the black plague. Entire towns were wiped out. Despite these conditions, some people were able to survive. This is an example of :
a) gene flow
b) bottleneck effect
c) founder effect
d) cumulative selection
b) bottleneck effect
a horse called impressive passed on his strong muscular phenotype to his offspring; unfortunately, he also passed on the disorder HYPP. This is an example of:
a) artificial selection
b) sexual selection
c) co-evolution
d) genetic drift
a) artificial selection
darwins finches are an example of __________
adaptative radiation (divergent evolution)
true or false: founder effect is due to the establishment of a new population in a new area
true
__________ refers to any random changes in allele frequencies in a population
genetic drift
avoidance of poison-dart frogs by predators is an example of _____
co-evolution
complex eye of a squid evolved through _________________
cumulative selection
5 factors for Hardy-Weinburg Equilibrium
No natural selection
Random mating
No gene flow
No mutations
Large population
Viruses can replicate quickly. Why does this contribute to their rapid rate of evolution?
adaptation
-when it replicates, can pass it down to other replications, which will cause evolution at a rapid rate
mutation plays an important role in the evolution of viruses. How does mutation relate to evolution?
-help us to get genetic variation
-essential to evolution because it’s how populations evolve
-w/o mutations –> no evolution
Why does the Canadian Government recommend that its citizens get a new flu shot every year?
-virus is continuously adapting to its environ. and getting stronger, so it’s crucial that people keep getting their shots to avoid it becoming resistant
What environmental or epigenetic factors can cause mutations? List 4
UV radiation, X-rays, smoking, HPV, viruses
Why does North America have few people with sickle cell disease when compared to Africa? Explain.
-heterozygous for sickle cell disease=resistant to malaria
-malaria more common in Africa, so more common in Africa than North America
Agriculture has changed dramatically in the last hundred years. How has it changed, in terms of genetics, and why? What are the possible negative consequences of this? Can you compare this possible future event to another, similar, important historical event?
-farmers planting monocultures (genetically identical crops)
-genetically modifying crops to have same traits (e.g. bigger)
Negative consequences:
-disease/pathogens–>kills all crops–>no food
Historical event:
-irish potato famine
-farmers planted genetically identical potatoes and one disease killed them all
explain why madagascar is home to very unique organisms that can’t be found anywhere else
-geographical isolation
-adaptative radiation
what type of reproductive isolating mechanism is in this situation: lions and tigers will not interbreed even though they have the potential to
geographic isolation
if there’s 20% cytosine in a molecule, what percent of thymine is in the molecule?
cytosine(20%) + guanine (20%) = 40%
adenine (30%) + thymine(30%) = 60%
= 100% therefore, thymine = 30%
order of colon
ascending, transverse, descending
what type of virus is HIV?
retrovirus
what happens in inhalation?
diaphragm contracts + chest moves up and out
what happens in exhalation?
lung volume decreases and air pressure increases
