Ch 12 Review Flashcards
Describe how diffusion is involved in the
respiratory systems of
(a) earthworms
Earthworms do not have lungs.
They breathe through their skin.
Oxygen and carbon dioxide pass through the earthworm’s skin by diffusion.
For diffusion to occur, the earthworm’s skin must be kept moist.
Describe how diffusion is involved in the
respiratory systems of
(b) grasshoppers
have a tracheal system, which’s a system of tubes that extend through their bodies
-Air enters and leaves the system through openings in the body surface.
-The larger tubes, called tracheae, branch into
smaller and smaller tubes called tracheoles,
which extend to nearly every cell in the
insect’s body.
-Gas exchange occurs along the moist membrane at the tips of the tracheoles
Explain why most terrestrial organisms need to
have respiratory systems that are found inside
rather than outside the organism
Most terrestrial animals have evolved internal respiratory surfaces, such as tracheal
systems and lungs
- helps minimize the loss of moisture.
What are two ways in which the air is changed
as it passes through the nose?
-Many of the impurities in air, such as dirt and bacteria, are filtered by hair and mucus in your nose.
-Air is warmed and moisture is added.
What is the function of the epiglottis?
When you swallow, the epiglottis covers the air pathway to prevent food from entering the trachea, instead of the esophagus
What is the function of the diaphragm?
Upon inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and flattens and the chest cavity enlarges.
This contraction creates a vacuum, which pulls air into the lungs.
Upon exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes and returns to its domelike shape, and air is forced out of the lungs
Describe the process of the diffusion of oxygen
and carbon dioxide in the lungs
Oxygen in the air you inhale dissolves in the film of
moisture on these epithelial cells. The oxygen then diffuses into a web of capillaries surrounding each alveolus and enters red blood cells, binding to hemoglobin.
Hemoglobin increases the efficiency of gas exchange by creating a diffusion gradient. In other words, when the hemoglobin in a red blood
cell binds to the oxygen, it removes the oxygen from the plasma.
Oxygen then keeps on diffusing from the alveolus into the plasma
As cellular respiration produces energy, carbon dioxide is produced as a by-product of that process. Carbon dioxide diffuses the opposite way to oxygen, from the capillaries across the epithelial cells and into the alveoli.
The carbon dioxide is carried away from the cells and deposited in the lungs.
Then the carbon dioxide is expelled back up the trachea, through the nose or mouth, and into the environment.
Describe how breathing is controlled in the
brain
Most of the time, breathing is controlled by the medulla oblongata, a part of the brain located
near the top of the spinal cord.
The medulla oblongata sends nerve signals to
the diaphragm and rib muscles, causing them to contract and relax.
Why is the process of ventilation described
as a passive process?
Because breathing is an involuntary process you seldom realize is occurring
Distinguish between bronchi,
bronchioles, and alveoli
The trachea forks into two bronchi (singular, bronchus), which are air tubes that connect the trachea to the lungs
Within each lung, the bronchus branches repeatedly into finer and finer tubes called bronchioles
Each bronchiole ends in grapelike clusters of tiny air sacs called alveoli
explain how the movements of the ribs, chest and diaphragm are involved in the process of breathing
*When your diaphragm and rib muscles contract, you inhale.
Your inhalation expands your chest cavity, which increases the volume of your lungs, resulting in reduced air pressure within the alveoli.
Since air tends to move from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure, air rushes in through your nose or mouth and fills
the alveoli.
*When your diaphragm and rib muscles relax, your lung volume decreases, causing higher air pressure in the alveoli.
Air rushes from your lungs out through your nose or mouth as you exhale.
describe the process of how when the brain senses a lowered pH level in your blood, it initiates a faster breathing rate.
1) During exercise or other activity, cell metabolism
increases and produces more CO2.
2) More CO2 dissolves in plasma, forming carbonic
acid, which lowers plasma pH slightly.
3) Receptors in the brain sense the drop in pH and send nerve signals to increase breathing rate.
4) Increased breathing rate quickly removes more CO2 from blood. Blood pH rises slightly, returning to normal.
5) Homeostasis, CO2 level in body
Define “homeostasis.”
state of internal stability maintained by the body.
What is sinusitis?
a condition caused by viruses or bacteria in which the sinuses become swollen and irritated
(a) Define the term “asthma.”
a chronic disorder of the respiratory system in which airways become narrowed
(b) Explain how asthma may affect the function
of the respiratory system
Smooth muscles surround the bronchi and bronchioles.
When these muscles contract, they narrow the airway, making breathing very difficult.
Describe the condition called bronchitis
When the bronchioles or the airways that connect the alveoli and the trachea become irritated or infected, they swell and produce excess mucus, a condition called bronchitis
What happens in the lungs of a person with
emphysema?
lungs inflate
(a) What does COPD stand for?
(b) When is this condition found?
-Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
-occurs when chronic bronchitis and emphysema are found together
Why do patients with cystic fibrosis need daily
physical therapy?
Patients must participate in daily physical therapy to ease the flow of air.
(a) What does SARS stand for?
(b) What type of virus causes SARS?
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
caused by a type of virus called a coronavirus
What are groups of cancer cells called?
tumours
What does a respirometer measure?
measure a patient’s breathing movements and lung capacity.
Samples of blood and mucus are observed so that the presence of abnormalities can be identified
How does smoking affect the respiratory
system?
The toxic substances in tobacco smoke irritate the cells lining the bronchi and destroy the cilia.
Without cilia, these cells lose the ability to move particles out of the respiratory system.
The smoker must cough frequently to try to clear the mucus that is no longer moved by the cilia.
Once they lose the ability to remove these harmful particles from their lungs, smokers are at a greater
risk for diseases caused by these particles
(a) What is an insulin pump?
(b) Why is it used?
provides a convenient and reliable
alternative to injections.
this pump administers a reliable dosage of insulin through a tube that is connected to the blood stream
How does diabetes show the
interconnectedness of body systems?
Diabetes is a group of diseases in which high levels of blood glucose result from a problem with insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.
it affects your heart and your whole circulation.
That includes small blood vessels in your kidneys, eyes, and nerves (nervous system)
The damage starts with high blood sugar (glucose) and insulin levels
How is Type 2 diabetes different from Type 1
diabetes?
In Type 1 diabetes, the cells of the pancreas are damaged so that they cannot produce insulin.
In Type 2 diabetes, the body cells do not respond to insulin appropriately
-reasons for this increase include rising rates of obesity and the increasingly sedentary lifestyle of Canadians
(a) What is a sedentary lifestyle?
(b) What is the relationship between a
sedentary lifestyle and Type 2 diabetes?
being inactive all the time
-leads to type 2 diabetes and causes it
What are seven ways you can reduce your risk
of developing Type 2 diabetes?
*Do not smoke.
* Achieve a healthy weight and maintain it.
* Be physically active.
* Limit your intake of fat and sugar.
* Eat regular, balanced meals that include the four food groups from
Canada’s Food Guide to Healthy Eating.
* Keep your cholesterol and other blood fats within the target level.
* Maintain a normal blood pressure.
What is the relationship between the
availability of oxygen gas and energy
production in an organism?
Cells must have a constant supply of O2 and must constantly dispose of CO2.
If there is not enough oxygen available to the
cells, energy is not produced efficiently, and cells are harmed.
Why is it important for a respiratory surface to
have a large surface area?
- The surface area of the membrane is large so as to maximize diffusion.
Continued exposure to airborne pollutants
found in cigarette smoke can cause the
destruction of cilia that line the respiratory
passages. Explain how this change to the
structure of the respiratory passages can affect
breathing function.
Without cilia, these cells lose the ability to move particles out of the respiratory system.
The smoker must cough frequently to try to clear the mucus that is no longer moved by the cilia and makes it harder for them to breathe
Explain how technology can be used to improve
the life of individuals who have diabetes.
Imaging technologies such as MRI and CT scans enable doctors to view internal organs in a three-dimensional manner.
In recent years, NASA imaging technologies used to view landforms from space have been used to analyze images of the pancreas
An individual was exposed to a poison that
was known to paralyze muscles. Explain why
the individual stopped breathing soon after
contacting the poison
the diaphragm is a muscle and if it can’t contract and relax with rib muscles, you can’t inhale or exhale
Carbon monoxide is an odourless, colourless
gas found in cigarette smoke and car exhaust.
When inhaled, carbon monoxide is more
than 200 times more efficient at binding to
hemoglobin than oxygen is. Explain why it is
very dangerous for the respiratory system to
breathe in carbon monoxide.
The carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke replaces some of the oxygen in your blood, which forces your heart to work harder to supply enough oxygen
Explain how you can maintain the health of
your respiratory structures
- Do not smoke.
- Achieve a healthy weight and maintain it.
- Be physically active.
- Limit your intake of fat and sugar.
- Eat regular, balanced meals that include the four food groups from
Canada’s Food Guide to Healthy Eating. - Keep your cholesterol and other blood fats within the target level.
- Maintain a normal blood pressure.
All of your cells require _____ to obtain energy from molecules of carbohydrates, fats and proteins during the process of cellular respiration.
oxygen
What is not a characteristic of a respiratory surface that ensures efficient diffusion of gases?
Minimized diffusion gradient
Maximized surface area
Thin
Moist
Minimized diffusion gradient
Which animal uses its entire body surface as a respiratory surface?
Earthworm
Raccoon
Fish
Grasshopper
earthworm
Which are respiratory advantages of terrestrial animals?
I) Moist environment
II) Higher oxygen level in the environment
III) Air is lighter and easier to move than water
IV) Gas exchange through diffusion is possible
ll and lll
What is not a respiratory function of the nose?
Warms the air
Filters impurities from the air
Concentrates oxygen from the air
Moistens the air
Concentrates oxygen from the air
What is the correct sequence of air as it moves to the lung in the human respiratory system?
Nose -> pharynx -> larynx -> trachea
By binding oxygen, _____ increase(s) the blood’s ability to transport oxygen by about 60 times.
hemoglobin
What can cause the common cold?
I) Virus
II) Bacteria
III) Stress
IV) Exposure to cold
virus
Why is influenza potentially more dangerous than the common cold?
It can develop into asthma
The symptoms are the same as the common cold but more severe
It can develop into pneumonia
It often lasts much longer than a cold
It can develop into pneumonia
What does a bronchodilator, or puffer, do?
It stimulates the cilia lining the airways
It inhibits mucus production in the airways
It relaxes the smooth muscles of the bronchi and bronchioles
It opens up the alveoli in the lungs
It relaxes the smooth muscles of the bronchi and bronchioles
_____ is a fatal genetic disease in which a gene is mutated for a protein that is required to regulate components of sweat, digestive juices, and mucus.
cystic fibrosis
_____ is a serious pneumonia-like respiratory disease that is caused by a type of virus called a coronavirus, which is spread through coughing or sneezing.
SARS
Which of these diseases can often be prevented with changes in lifestyle?
I) Type 1 diabetes
II) Cystic fibrosis
III) Emphysema
IV) Type 2 diabetes
lll and lV
The lungs contain millions of _____, tiny air sacs that facilitate gas exchange.
alveoli
The rate of breathing is usually controlled by
the level of carbon dioxide in the blood.
When air pressure builds up in the lungs, a disease called _____ can develop.
emphysema
Hemoglobin increases the efficiency of gas exchange by
increasing surface area.
binding with oxygen.
transforming oxygen into carbon dioxide.
creating a diffusion gradient.
binding with oxygen.
finer tubes branching from each bronchus
bronchioles
airway held open by C-shaped rings of cartilage
trachea
extend through an insect’s body for gas exchange
tracheal system
gas exchange membrane
respiratory surface
common viral infection of the upper respiratory system
influenza
serious infection of the lungs where alveoli fill with fluid
pneumonia
disorder in which airways become narrowed
asthma
drug that causes the narrowed airways to expand
bronchodilator
condition in which the trachea become irritated or infected
bronchitis
cilia lining the airways are damaged
emphysema
disease in which high levels of blood glucose
diabetes
produced by the pancreas, controls blood glucose
insulin
What are the structures, which supply most of the cell’s energy in the cell called?
mitochondria
Alveolar damage, caused by pneumonia, reduces the _____ available for gas exchange.
respiratory surface
Lining the entire bronchial system, these cilia are surrounded by _____, which constantly moves toward the throat to clear debris, viruses and bacteria.
mucus
In the lung of a person who smoked regularly:
The black areas are discolouration due to smoking. The white area contains epithelial cells that have multiplied and invaded the lung tissue.
What are these cells most likely to be?
lung cancer
How do gills, the red structures shown here, aid in fish respiration?
I) They increase surface area
II) They minimize the barrier to gas diffusion
III) They increase the number of capillaries close to the surface
IV) They attract more oxygen molecules from the water
l, ll, lll
Insects with wings often consume much more oxygen when flying than when they are at rest. How do they increase their intake of oxygen when they are flying?
The flight muscles pump air through the tracheal system
Most of the time, breathing is controlled by which part of the brain shown here?
medulla oblongata
