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Biology 11 > 13.1 Plants and People > Flashcards

13.1 Plants and People Flashcards

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1
Q

What many key roles do plants have in human society?

A

provide food, medicines, build materials, and energy

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2
Q

the human food supply is based on the _______ of relatively ___ species of plants

A

cultivation; few

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3
Q

The use of biofuels has ________________ costs and benefits.

A

environmental, economic, and social

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4
Q

Plants provide a number of

A

ecosystem services.

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5
Q

Sustainable development

A

meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

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6
Q

true or false: breathing is produced by plants as a waste product of photosynthesis

A

true

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7
Q

true or false: glues and paints are not plant products

A

false

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8
Q

why did humans begin to breed plants

A

to improve food quantity and quality

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9
Q

Over human history, people became more and more dependent on ___________ crops as a source of food.

A

domesticated

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10
Q

Today, almost all the human food supply is based on the cultivation of only ___ species of plants

A

14

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11
Q

Canada’s main crops, in order of income generated, are

A

wheat, canola, barley, corn, soybeans, potatoes, flax, and oats

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12
Q

All fruit and almost all vegetable crops come from ___________ plants, which are the _________

A

flowering; angiosperms

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13
Q

Corn, rice, wheat, and other cereal grains are the fruits of _________ species

A

grass

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14
Q

Other foods, such as avocados, lentils, and okra, come from _________ plants.

A

broad-leaf

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15
Q

The most important crops in the world are _____________, members of the pea and bean family

A

cereal grains and legumes

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16
Q

_______ is the most common grain in North American and European diets

A

Wheat

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17
Q

Lettuce, spinach, and tea are

A

leaves

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18
Q

celery, potatoes, sugar cane, and bamboo shoots are

A

stems

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19
Q

carrots, sweet potatoes, and beets are

A

roots

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20
Q

coffee and cocoa are

A

seeds

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21
Q

spices

A

strongly flavoured plant parts

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22
Q

Cinnamon is from

A

bark

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23
Q

vanilla and black pepper are

A

fruits

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24
Q

cardamom is a

A

seed

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25
Q

cloves are a

A

flower

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26
Q

Tasty herbs such as basil, thyme, and mint are the

A

leaves of aromatic plants

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27
Q

One of the world’s most expensive herbs, saffron, is the ___________ of a crocus flower, collected laboriously by hand

A

male floral parts

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28
Q

Many of the foods we eat contain __________

A

hidden processed plant products

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29
Q

examples of hidden processed plant products are

A

sugars from corn or beets and oil from canola or sunflowers

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30
Q

thickeners, such as guar gum and corn starch, and soy protein is often added to ____________.

A

increase protein and improve texture

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31
Q

The active ingredient in willow is acetylsalicylic acid, better known as

A

Aspirin

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32
Q

how does aspirin work

A

It inhibits the production of prostaglandins, chemicals that increase the pain sensitivity of the body’s nerve endings

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33
Q

taxol

A

a potent drug used to treat ovarian and breast cancer, was originally derived from the bark of the Pacific yew tree

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34
Q

scurvy

A

a disease that results from a lack of vitamin C

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35
Q

yield

A

the amount of an agricultural product that is collected and used by humans

36
Q

where did fossil fuels come from

A

Fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas come from the fossilized remains of plants that died 350 million years ago during the Carboniferous period

37
Q

Biofuels

A

Biofuels are energy sources produced from renewable organic materials, including plants and organic waste

38
Q

how is biodiesel produced

A

Biodiesel is produced from plant or animal fats or used cooking oil.

39
Q

Temperate __________, such as beech, oak, and maple, and tropical hardwoods, such as mahogany and teak, are dense woods of _______ used to make high quality furniture and flooring

A

hardwoods; angiosperms

40
Q

________ come from ________, which include conifers, such as pine and spruce tree

A

Softwoods; gymnosperms

41
Q

ecosystem services

A

beneficial processes carried out by living things that are necessary to sustain life on Earth

42
Q

Plant roots _____ soil, reducing erosion in terrestrial ecosystems and coastal areas

A

bind

43
Q

Plants are also capable of ______________ toxins and pollutants.

A

storing or detoxifying

44
Q

true or false: Some house plants reduce indoor air pollutants

A

true (spider plant and philodendron)

45
Q

Trees and other plants in parks and along city streets …

A

improve air quality, cool the air, reduce storm water runoff, reduce noise levels, and provide habitat for animals

46
Q

Sustainability

A

is the capacity to maintain a certain process or state indefinitely

47
Q

People practising sustainable development can continue to___________, while still protecting biodiversity

A

farm and harvest timber

48
Q

In a process called nitrogen fixation…

A

nodules “fix” the nitrogen that is in the air pockets in the soil, changing it into a form that plants can use

49
Q

how do maize, beans and squash all benefit from the presence of the others?

A

The broad leaves of the squash plants shade the soil, maintaining soil moisture and preventing weeds from establishing and competing with the crops. The corn stalks support the climbing stems of the bean plants, while the beans house nitrogen-fixing bacteria in root nodules

50
Q

kenya sustainable initiatives

A

In Kenya, farmers are planting weeds in their maize fields to act as “trap plants” for stem borer larvae. Previously, stem borer larvae ate about a third of the maize produced in the region.

However, the larvae prefer to attack napier grass, a local plant often considered a weed. Napier grass secretes a sticky material that glues down and kills the larvae. By planting napier grass among their maize plants, farmers increased maize yield

51
Q

madagascar sustainable initiatives

A

a local researcher developed a method to quadruple rice yield. He transplanted the rice seedlings at an earlier stage, delayed flooding of the rice fields, and used locally available compost instead of costly chemical fertilizers

52
Q

The two main agricultural practices used by Canadian farmers to increase crop yields are the use of

A

chemical fertilizers and pesticides.

53
Q

chemical fertilizers

A

The use of chemical fertilizers, however, releases greenhouse gases and may cause excessive growth of algae if fertilizers run off into lakes or oceans

54
Q

The two main types of pesticides are

A

herbicides and insecticides

55
Q

herbicides

A

control unwanted plants

56
Q

insecticides

A

control unwanted insects

57
Q

tilling land pros and cons

A

Tilling land is also done to prepare the soil for crops and to control weeds

increases soil erosion and the loss of soil nutrients. In addition, tilling disrupts wild bees

58
Q

integrated pest management

A

pest-management strategies designed to increase crop yields while reducing harmful health and environmental effects. integrated pest management

59
Q

Crop rotation

A

Changing the crop grown on a plot of land each year means that each crop is less vulnerable to specialized pests and diseases

60
Q

Green manure

A

Growing plants and then tilling them back into the soil increases soil nutrients and improves crop health so they are more resistant to pests.

61
Q

Planting nitrogen-fixing crops

A

Growing nitrogen-fixing crops, such as soybean, increases the nitrogen content in the soil, improving crop health.

62
Q

Biological control

A

Natural predators, such as birds, ladybird beetles, and spiders, can control some insect pests

63
Q

Genetically modified crops

A

Crops can be genetically engineered so they possess desirable traits. For example, Bt corn produces a bacterial toxin that kills the larvae of the corn borer when it feeds on corn.

64
Q

Pheromones

A

Pheromones are chemicals used by insects to communicate with one another. Releasing synthetic pheromones may prevent insects from mating or lure them into traps, while not affecting other species.

65
Q

Canadian farmers use about 9 percent of available water for

A

irrigating crops

66
Q

Irrigation reduces ________ because it prevents rich topsoil from drying out and blowing away.

A

soil erosion

67
Q

cons of irrigation

A

may increase the salt content of soil, harming plants. The added water may carry pesticides and fertilizers into ground water, streams, and lakes. If water for irrigation is pumped from underground sources, these sources may not refill

68
Q

Most Ontario farmers maintain vegetation on the edges of streams or ponds. This vegetation is important because

A

it prevents soil erosion and reduces water run-off from the farm

69
Q

sustainable forest management.

A

Under this policy, forest products are harvested sustainably, preserving the forest’s health and biodiversity.

70
Q

Canada’s National Tree Seed Centre (NTSC) in Fredericton, New Brunswick …

A

conserves the genetic diversity of our forests

collects and stores seeds from across the natural ranges of all Canadian tree species.

goal is to obtain a diverse collection of genetic material

71
Q

Why is canola described as a “made in Canada” plant?

A

because it was invented in Canada

72
Q

List the top two economically important crops in Canada and describe their uses

A

wheat- used domestically for food, feed and fuel

canola- used in cooking oil, animal feed, makex biodiesel to power trucks and heavy machinery which has been proven to reduce greenhouse gas emissions

73
Q

Name one crop harvested from each plant part: seeds, fruits, leaves, stems, flowers, roots

A

seeds: coffee

fruit: vanilla

leaves: lettuce

stems: celery, potatoes

flowers: cloves

roots: beets

74
Q

Poppy (fruit)
drug:
use:

A

Morphine

codeine Pain killer

75
Q

Willow trees (bark)
drug:
use:

A

Acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin)

Pain killer, anti-inflammatory

76
Q

Yellowbark cinchona (bark)
drug:
use:

A

Quinine

Malaria

77
Q

Why is the destruction of tropical rainforests a threat to human health?

A

It could be a “medicine chest” of healing plants that will become extinct before they are even discovered

78
Q

Explain why fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, are plant products

A

Fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas come from the fossilized remains
of plants that died 350 million years ago during the Carboniferous period

79
Q

What are biofuels and how do they differ from fossil fuels?

A

Biofuels are energy sources produced from renewable organic materials, including
plants and organic waste

when fossil fuels are burned they produce greenhouse gases

80
Q

What is softwood lumber? Name two products made from softwood lumber

A

Softwoods come from gymnosperms, which include conifers, such as pine and spruce trees

used for paper and cardboard production

81
Q

Define the term “ecosystem services.”

A

beneficial processes carried out by living things that are necessary to sustain life on Earth.

82
Q

Explain the term “trap plant” and describe an example of how such a plant can increase agricultural yield

A

In Kenya, farmers are planting weeds in their maize fields to act as “trap plants” for stem borer larvae.

the larvae prefer to attack napier grass, a
local plant often considered a weed.

Napier grass secretes a sticky material
that glues down and kills the larvae.

By planting napier grass among their
maize plants, farmers increased maize yield by nearly 70 percent

83
Q

Some Aboriginal people of Ontario grew three crops in small fields, which were used for a time and then left fallow.

Explain the significance of these agricultural practices to soil fertility and local biodiversity.

A

The broad leaves of the squash plants shade the soil, maintaining soil moisture
and preventing weeds from establishing and competing with the crops.

The corn stalks support the climbing stems of the bean plants, while the beans house nitrogen-fixing bacteria in root nodules.

In a process called nitrogen fixation, these nodules “fix” the nitrogen that is in the air pockets in the soil, changing it into a form that plants can use

84
Q

cons of tilling

A

Tilling puts air into the soil. This increases bacterial decomposition of organic material in soil and releases carbon dioxide
from bacterial respiration.

Instead of tilling, the farmers plant winter crops or spray biodegradable herbicides
to prepare their fields.

Untilled fields serve as major carbon sinks because organic material in the soil does not degrade and release atmospheric carbon dioxide, a major greenhouse gas

85
Q

Ontario farmers try to maintain vegetation on the banks of ponds and streams on their farms.

Explain the benefits of this practice

A

Most Ontario farmers maintain vegetation on the edges of streams or ponds.

This vegetation is important because it prevents soil erosion and reduces water run-off from the farm.

Therefore, it prevents valuable soil,
polluting nutrients, and toxic pesticides from being washed into streams and ponds

86
Q

Why does the National Tree Seed Centre collect seeds from a variety of trees in each population?

A

The goal of the Centre is to obtain a diverse collection of genetic material.

Therefore, seeds are collected from many individual trees in each population, not
just from the “best” or tallest trees

Biology 11 (58 decks)

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