ch 11 review Flashcards
What is the function of the circulatory
system?
transports oxygen and carbon dioxide, distributes nutrients to body cells, and removes cellular wastes.
List the three main components of the
circulatory system
heart, blood, blood vessels
describe the three primary components of the circulatory system
Blood, a type of connective tissue made
up of cells and fluids, carries both nutrients and wastes
Blood flows in blood vessels, which are tubes that form a pipeline within the body
Blood is pumped through the body by the heart
What role does hemoglobin play in your
blood?
Hemoglobin is essential for transferring oxygen in your blood from the lungs to the tissues
What two types of blood vessels does an
arteriole connect?
arteries + capillaries
Explain how a nutrient gets from your blood
into your cells
diffusion
The process of molecules diffusing out of the blood and into the cells occurs in the capillaries
Some small molecules, such as oxygen and
carbon dioxide, diffuse across membranes or pass through gaps between the epithelial cells of the capillary wall.
What is the function of a heart valve?
The valves prevent the backward flow of blood.
these valves are actual flaps that are located on each end of the two ventricles (lower chambers of the heart). They act as one-way inlets of blood on one side of a ventricle and one-way outlets of blood on the other side of a ventricle.
pulmonary circuit
blood travels from the right side of your heart
through the pulmonary arteries to your lungs
systemic circuit
oxygen-rich blood from the lungs gathers in the
left atrium and is then pumped to the left ventricle
Which are functions of plasma proteins?
I) Carry oxygen
II) Control body temperature
III) Transport vitamins
IV) Fight infections
lll and lV
_____, which are involved in the clotting process, are cell fragments that originate when the cytoplasm of certain bone marrow cells divides.
platelets
What is not a characteristic of veins?
-Thick layer of smooth muscle
-Outer layer of connective tissue
-Inner wall of epithelium tissue
-One-way valves
thick layer of smooth muscle
Oxygen and nutrients diffuse from blood to cells that require them across the thin walls of…
capillaries.
arteries.
red blood cells.
veins.
capillaries
What condition is the result of inadequate function of the lymphatic system?
High blood pressure
Hemophilia
Anemia
Edema
edema
Which are functions of the lymphatic system?
I) Provide immunity
II) Remove old and damaged red blood cells
III) Return fluid to the circulatory system
IV) Control the volume of circulating blood
l, ll, lll, lV
White blood cells mature in the butterfly-shaped organ called…
thymus
In what year was the stethoscope invented?
1500 BC
1588
1816
1971
1816
The heart is made almost entirely of…
epithelium.
fatty tissue.
connective tissue.
muscle.
muscle
A protective sac, called the _____, encloses the heart.
aorta
vena cava
atrium
pericardium
pericardium
Which chamber of the heart pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta?
Left ventricle
Right aorta
Left aorta
Right ventricle
left ventricle
The _____ receive(s) blood returning to the heart.
atria
pericardium
vena cava
ventricles
atria
Blood depleted of oxygen returns to the heart via the …
right and left pulmonary arteries.
inferior and superior vena cava.
pulmonary veins.
aorta.
inferior and superior vena cava.
What does the atrioventricular node do?
Coordinates the heart beat
Carries oxygenated blood away from the heart
Prevents back-flow of blood into the atrium
Separates the atria from the ventricles
coordinates the heartbeat
What is the highest recorded pressure when the ventricles contract?
Interstolic
Intrastolic
Systolic
Diastolic
Systolic
Which things can an exercise stress test measure?
I) Electrical activity of the heart
II) Heart rate
III) Respiratory rate
IV) Blood pressure
all
What is not a significant component of arterial plaque?
Red blood cells
Calcium
Fat deposits
Cholesterol
rbcs
A narrowing of the arteries caused by plaque buildup is called
arteriosclerosis
atherosclerosis.
arrhythmia.
hypertension.
aneurysm.
atherosclerosis
What is angina pectoris?
Stroke
Chest pains
Arrhythmia
Sudden cardiac arrest
chest pains
In a particular medical procedure, an expandable tube is placed in a clogged artery. The tube is expanded to allow blood to flow through the artery. What is this procedure called?
Defibrillation
Coronary bypass
Angioplasty
Heart palpitation
angioplasty
A middle-aged woman comes into emergency with a sudden and extremely painful headache. An MRI scan is performed and reveals that she has a large blood clot in her brain due to a swollen and burst artery. What is she most likely suffering from?
Aneurysm
Arteriosclerosis
Arrhythmia
Stroke
Aneurysm
Which are negative health effects of smoking and second-hand smoke?
I) Chemicals in tobacco smoke can damage your heart and blood vessel tissues
II) Tobacco smoke reduces your body’s absorption of HDL, or good cholesterol
III) Nicotine in tobacco smoke increases your heart rate and blood pressure
IV) The carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke reduces the amount of oxygen in your blood, making your heart work harder
l, lll, lV
Why is LDL cholesterol bad for your cardiovascular health?
It promotes weight gain
It interferes with the heart’s electrical system and can cause arrhythmia
It becomes part of the plaque inside arteries
It dilates arteries making them less efficient
It becomes part of the plaque inside arteries
What is LEAST likely to lead to hypertension?
Smoking tobacco products
Diet containing HDL cholesterol
Excess body weight
Not enough exercise
Diet containing HDL cholesterol
Once materials pass out of a capillary, they enter…
the plasma.
the blood stream.
fluid surrounding the cells.
the cells.
right answer feedback:
fluid surrounding the cells.
_____ keep(s) lymphatic fluid from flowing backward into the capillaries.
Lymph nodes
Valves
Diffusion
Platelets
valves
The _____ carry (carries) oxygen-depleted blood from the heart to the lungs and oxygen-rich blood from the lungs back to the heart.
systemic circuit
arteries
lymphatic system
pulmonary circuit
pulmonary circuit
The _____ carry (carries) blood to the heart from the lungs and the rest of the body.
arteries
pulmonary circuit
systemic circuit
veins
veins
What is the pathway that blood follows during a heartbeat?
veins > atria > ventricles > arteries
Veins always return blood to the heart, and therefore always empty into the atria. Arteries always take blood away from the heart, and therefore always lead out of the ventricles.
When measuring blood pressure, the first number is the _____ pressure and the second number is the _____ pressure.
diastolic; systolic
weakest; strongest
pulmonary; ventricular
systolic; diastolic
systolic; diastolic
Unlike mature red blood cells, white blood cells have _____ and _____.
nuclei; mitochondria
organelles; cellular membranes
cell walls; cellular membranes
DNA; cell walls
nuclei; mitochondria
Under which condition is a person most likely to experience angina pectoris?
When hypertension develops
When there is a partial blockage in a coronary artery
When an artery wall bursts
When a clot forms in an artery going to the brain
When there is a partial blockage in a coronary artery
Which statements about cholesterol are true?
I) Cholesterol is a part of every cell membrane in your body
II) Your liver manufactures cholesterol
III) All types of cholesterol are bad for your health
IV) Cholesterol is a component of arterial plaque
l, ll, lV
What is a healthy blood pressure reading for a teenager?
140/90
170/100
120/65
85/50
120/65
what makes up fifty-five percent of the volume of blood
plasma
a protein that binds oxygen in the lungs
hemoglobin
microscopic blood vessels with a high surface area
capillaries
blood vessels that transport blood to the heart
veins
valves located between the atria and ventricles
atrioventricular valves
area of the heart muscle that sets heart rate
pacemaker
collects the fluid that leaves capillaries
lymphatic system
valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
pulmonary valve
artery that supplies oxygen-rich blood to all body systems
aorta
chemicals made by the endocrine system
hormones
a bulge in the wall of an artery
aneurysm
a blood clot forms in an artery going to the brain
stroke
a fat manufactured by the liver
cholesterol
used for measuring blood pressure
sphygmomanometer
highest recorded pressure in an artery
systolic pressure
lowest recorded pressure in an artery
diastolic pressure
a patchwork of cholesterol, calcium, and fat deposits
plaque
a narrowing of the arteries resulting from plaque
atherosclerosis
blood supply to heart tissue is slowed or stopped
heart attack
an advanced stage of plaque build-up, arteries harden
arteriosclerosis
the heart abruptly stops functioning
cardiac arrest
There is a portable machine that is available in many airports, universities, sports stadiums, etc. It can diagnose the heart’s rhythm and administer a therapeutic dose of electricity to the heart if necessary (the paddles are not attached here).
What is this machine called?
defibrillator
arteries that supply the heart muscle with nutrients
coronary arteries
define the term “lymph”
Lymph is a clear, watery fluid made up of
protein molecules, salt, glucose, and other substances.
How does the lymphatic system return fluid to
the circulatory system?
-Lymph collects in a system of lymph vessels, which
have valves that prevent lymph from flowing back toward the capillaries.
-The combination of muscle contractions squeezing the vessels and the one-way valves helps fluid
move through the lymphatic system.
-Eventually, lymph drains into the circulatory system near the heart.
What is the usual range of the heart rate for an
average adult?
A normal resting heart rate for adults ranges from 60 to 100 beats per minute.
What causes the sounds of the heart
beating?
When the valves close, they cause the familiar heart sound of “lub dub.”
The “lub” sound is the atrioventricular valves closing, while the “dub” sound happens when the pulmonary and aortic valves close.
Explain how the pacemaker regulates
contractions
The heart’s pacemaker sends out an electrical signal (impulse) that spreads throughout the heart along electrical pathways.
These pathways transmit the signal from the upper to the lower chambers of the heart, which causes the heart muscle to contract.
What is the difference in meaning between the
terms systole and diastole?
Systole and diastole are two phases of the cardiac cycle that occur as the heartbeats, which pump blood through the system of blood vessels carrying blood to each part of the body.
Systole occurs when the heart contracts, pumping blood out
Diastole takes place when the heart relaxes after contraction
What two factors determine blood pressure?
-cardiac output and resistance in arteries
cardiac output is the amount of blood that is pumped by the heart each minute
resistance in arteries is related to the elasticity in the arteries
-e.g. if the arteries do not expand easily and
instead resist the flow of blood, the pressure of
the blood on the arterial walls increases.
What is a normal blood pressure reading for a
young adult?
Blood pressure in a healthy young adult might
vary between about 110 and 130 over 70 to 90, with an average of about
120/80
What is the difference between atherosclerosis
and arteriosclerosis?
atherosclerosis
-narrowing of the arteries resulting from plaque
building up inside the artery wall
arteriosclerosis
-arteries narrow and harden, leading to poor circulation of blood throughout the body
What causes a stroke?
A stroke occurs if a blood clot forms in an artery going to the brain
How does smoking affect the circulatory
system?
Tobacco smoke contains thousands of chemicals that can damage the tissues of your heart and
blood vessels.
Nicotine, a chemical found in tobacco smoke, narrows your blood vessels and increases your heart rate and blood pressure.
The carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke replaces some of the oxygen in your blood, which forces your heart to work harder to supply enough oxygen
Why is HDL called “good” cholesterol?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is sometimes called
“good cholesterol” as it helps remove excess cholesterol from the tissues and arteries
Why is LDL called “bad” cholesterol?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is sometimes called
“bad cholesterol” because it becomes part of the plaque in the arteries.
Why do some large veins have valves?
prevents blood from flowing backward
Why do arteries not need valves?
Arteries don’t require valves because pressure from the heart is so strong that blood is only able to flow in one direction
A person with a low red blood cell count may
often feel tired. Why?
not getting enough oxygen
Why could a very high systolic pressure be
dangerous?
Having a high systolic blood pressure over time can increase the risk of strokes, heart disease and chronic kidney disease.
What is the name of the major artery that
leads out of the heart?
(b) Describe physical characteristics that
you would expect to find in this blood
vessel
aorta
-cane-shaped artery
-starts in the lower-left chamber of your heart (ventricle)
-from there, it extends up toward your head a short distance before curving down
-the aorta passes through your chest and abdominal cavities and ends at your pelvis
How does your blood move back to your heart
even though the pressure in your veins is low?
Muscle contractions and valves that prevent back flow help blood to move back to your heart
Explain the error in the following statement.
“All arteries carry oxygenated blood away
from the heart.”
Most arteries in your body carry oxygen-rich blood and most veins carry oxygen-depleted blood.
However, the blood vessels in the pulmonary
circuit do the exact opposite.
Pulmonary arteries carry oxygen-depleted
blood to the lungs
Explain why the loss of regular heart rhythm
could result in serious illness or even death.
irregular heartbeats sometimes lead to blood clots, stroke, heart failure and other cardiovascular complications, which can result in death
An individual’s blood pressure was measured
several times over the course of a day, and the
reading was 145/90.
(a) Explain why a doctor may have reason
to be concerned with this blood pressure
measurement.
(b) Explain why the blood pressure was
measured at different times of the day
a) that blood pressure is considered high
b) blood pressure can change during the day depending on several factors like small changes in daily life, such as stress, exercise or even how well you slept the night before
Why might you infer that the left ventricle
would be more muscular than the right
ventricle?
The left ventricle is the main powerhouse of the heart, having to pump blood all the way around the systemic circulation.
Because of this it has the largest, most muscular walls of any of the chambers.
