11.3 Promoting a Healthy Circulatory System Flashcards
plaque
-patchwork of cholesterol, calcium, and fat deposits, sticking to the interior walls
Plaque builds up throughout a person’s life and significant buildup of plaque can ultimately lead to _____________________________.
cardiovascular disease
Atherosclerosis
narrowing of the arteries resulting from plaque
building up inside the artery wall
dangers of atherosclerosis
-as the pathway narrows, blood pressure increases. -sometimes the narrowing completely blocks the flow of blood
-if such a blockage occurs in one of the coronary arteries, the heart becomes deprived of oxygen and other nutrients
-in mild cases with partial blockage, the person may feel occasional chest pains, called angina pectoris.
angina pectoris
in mild cases of plaque with partial blockage, the person may feel occasional chest pains
treatment of atherosclerosis
Treatment may include angioplasty, in which a small metal mesh tube is placed into the artery, where it expands to prevent the artery from
closing up
angioplasty
-procedure used to open blocked coronary arteries caused by coronary artery disease
-restores blood flow to the heart muscle without open-heart surgery
-angioplasty can be done in an emergency setting such as a heart attack
In cases of plaque with severe blockage, a blood clot could close up the artery, leading to ________________
a heart attack
heart attack
A heart attack occurs when the blood supply to heart tissue is slowed or stopped.
procedure of an angioplasty
(a) In angioplasty, an expandable tube is placed in a clogged artery
(b) The tube is expanded to allow blood to flow through the artery.
true or false: during a heart attack, the heart
usually does not stop beating
true
symptoms of a heart attack
-pain in the chest and upper body that may be accompanied by shortness of breath and nausea
what happens if treatment is not started quickly after a heart attack?
some of the heart muscle will die
and be replaced by scar tissue
arteriosclerosis
an advanced stage of plaque buildup, which
occurs when the deposits on the artery wall harden
Arteries are flexible and can expand and contract, which helps to control ___________
blood pressure
With arteriosclerosis, the arteries lose their ability ________
to stretch
arteriosclerosis increases ___________ and the chance for ___________ to form within the blood vessels.
blood pressure; blood clots
treatment of arteriosclerosis
Treatment may include heart bypass surgery in which a surgeon may take a vein or artery
from another part of the body and use it to makes a detour around the blocked part of the coronary artery
Sudden cardiac arrest
occurs when a heart suddenly stops
functioning, as from drowning, electrocution, trauma, or choking
The most common cause of cardiac arrest is
coronary heart disease
coronary heart disease
arteries that supply the heart tissues with nutrients become blocked
coronary blockages cause the heart to beat ______ so that blood is not pumped efficiently and in a _______ rhythm
irregularly; regular
what happens if the heart rhythm is not reset immediately, such as by a cardiac defibrillator?
death can occur within minutes
Arrhythmia
a condition in which the heart beats irregularly,
too quickly, or too slowly
Most arrhythmia arises from problems
with the _____________ of the heart
electrical activity
Symptoms of arrhythmia
include
dizziness, chest pain, and shortness of breath.
Symptoms of arrhythmia
include
dizziness, chest pain, and shortness of breath.
Treatment to restore a normal heartbeat may include …
implanting an artificial pacemaker or a small defibrillator under the skin in the chest or abdomen
Hypertension, or high blood pressure
a condition where a person’s blood pressure is 140/90 or higher for an extended period of time
Prolonged hypertension damages the _____ and ____________
heart; blood vessels
how does prolonged hypertension damage the heart?
The heart must work harder to pump blood throughout the body, and over time the heart muscles expand.
If these muscles expand too much, they become weakened and can no longer push blood throughout the body
how does prolonged hypertension damage the blood vessels?
Hypertension also exerts greater than normal pressure on the walls of the arteries, which
can cause small tears.
These tears can speed up atherosclerosis,
which further increases blood pressure
Teenagers can have high blood pressure caused by
genetic factors, excess body weight,
diet, or lack of exercise
Heart failure
a condition in which the heart cannot pump
blood efficiently because it cannot fill with enough blood or cannot send the blood to the rest of body with enough force.
true or false: heart failure is a common condition, affecting both children and adults
true
benefits of heart failure being diagnosed early
-live longer and lead more active lives by improving their lifestyle and following treatment plans
In the most severe forms of heart failure, it may be
necessary to receive _______________
a heart transplant
Aneurysm
a bulge in the wall of an artery
Aneurysms can be caused by
injuries, genetic conditions, or disease
how could an aneurysm cause internal bleeding?
As blood rushes through the artery, it further weakens the bulging wall and may burst through, causing serious internal bleeding
An aneurysm can occur in any artery in the body, but most often occurs in _____________
branches of the aorta
how can aneurysms be detected?
using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a non-invasive imaging technology that produces 3D views of organs and tissues.
what does MRI stand for?
magnetic resonance imaging
stroke
A stroke occurs if a blood clot forms in an artery going to the brain
what happens to tissue downstream from the blockage during a stroke?
tissues can die from lack of oxygen
effects of a stroke
Some effects of stroke are partial paralysis, loss
of speech, memory loss, and sometimes death.
These effects depend in part on where in the brain the blockage occurs.
what can decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease?
low-fat diets, plenty of exercise, and not smoking
cholesterol
a fat that is part of your cell membranes and is used to synthesize hormones, bile, and vitamin D
which part of the body manufactures cholesterol?
Your liver manufactures
cholesterol, which your blood carries to the tissues
Cholesterol is transported by two types of _______, which are carriers made of ___________
lipoproteins; fat and protein
what are the 2 types of lipoproteins in cholesterol?
high density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is sometimes called
_____________
good cholesterol
low density lipoprotein (LDL) is sometimes called ____________
bad cholesterol
how is high-density lipoprotein (HDL) “good cholesterol”?
it helps remove excess cholesterol from the
tissues and arteries
how is low-density lipoprotein (LDL) “bad cholesterol”?
becomes part of the plaque in the arteries
in which foods can you find LDL?
foods high in saturated or trans fats
-such as beef, butter, cheese, ice cream, deep-fried fast foods, bakery products, margarines, and packaged snack foods
how is tobacco smoke bad for you?
contains thousands of chemicals that can damage the tissues of your heart and blood vessels
how is nicotine bad for you?
Nicotine, a chemical found in tobacco smoke, narrows your blood vessels and increases your heart rate and blood pressure
how is cigarette smoke bad for you?
the carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke replaces some of the oxygen in your blood, which forces your heart to work harder to supply enough oxygen
What is plaque?
a patchwork of cholesterol, calcium, and fat deposits sticking to the interior walls
How is plaque formed?
Plaque forms when cholesterol lodges in the wall of the artery
Why is plaque dangerous to the health of
the circulatory system?
If there’s too much cholesterol in the blood, the cholesterol and other substances may form deposits (plaques) that collect on artery walls.
Plaques can cause an artery to become narrowed or blocked.
If a plaque ruptures, a blood clot can form.
Plaques and blood clots can reduce blood flow through an artery, causing a heart attack
What is the difference between arteriosclerosis
and atherosclerosis?
Atherosclerosis is a narrowing of the arteries resulting from plaque building up inside the artery wall.
Arteriosclerosis is an advanced stage of plaque buildup, which occurs when the deposits on the artery wall harden
-with arteriosclerosis, the arteries lose their ability
to stretch.
What is the difference between a heart attack
and cardiac arrest?
A heart attack occurs when the blood supply to heart tissue is slowed or stopped. In the majority of cases, the cause of heart attack is the narrowing
of coronary arteries due to atherosclerosis.
Sudden cardiac arrest occurs when a heart suddenly stops functioning, as from drowning, electrocution, trauma, or choking. The most common cause of cardiac arrest is coronary heart disease. In this case, the arteries that supply the heart tissues with nutrients become blocked.
Where does an aneurysm occur?
An aneurysm can occur in any artery in the body, but most often occurs in branches of the aorta.
What are three causes of aneurysms?
can be caused by injuries, genetic conditions, or
disease
What is hypertension?
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a condition where a person’s blood pressure is 140/90 or higher for an extended period of time
What are three factors that can cause
hypertension in teenagers?
genetic factors, excess body weight,
diet, or lack of exercise
List five things that you can choose to do in
order to promote good cardiovascular health.
-eat a healthy diet
-maintain a healthy weight
-exercise regularly
-avoid smoking & second-hand smoke
-get regular health check ups
What is cholesterol?
Cholesterol is a fat that is part of your cell membranes and is used to synthesize hormones, bile, and vitamin D
Define lipoprotein
carriers made of fat and protein
What is HDL?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is sometimes called
“good cholesterol” as it helps remove excess cholesterol from the tissues and arteries.
What is LDL?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is sometimes called
“bad cholesterol” because it becomes part of the plaque in the arteries.
Why should you aim for having at least
40 minutes of moderately intense physical
activity most days?
Regular exercise reduces your chances of
developing conditions that may strain your heart, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes
What does the nicotine in cigarette smoke
do to your arteries?
narrows your blood vessels and increases your heart rate and blood pressure
What does the carbon monoxide in cigarette
smoke do to your blood?
replaces some of the oxygen in your blood, which forces your heart to work harder to supply enough oxygen
Why is it important for teenagers to
monitor their intake of foods that are
high in cholesterol?
if they have high cholesterol (too much cholesterol in the blood), they have a higher risk of coronary artery disease and other heart diseases
How does maintaining a healthy weight
help your cardiovascular system work
more efficiently?
significantly reduces cardiovascular risk factors, including diabetes, high cholesterol, high blood pressure and sleep apnea, which can impact the heart
How is a stroke related to an aneurysm?
A stroke is a life-threatening medical emergency that affects the brain. An aneurysm in the brain is different, but it can lead to a stroke.
A hemorrhagic stroke happens when an artery ruptures. An aneurysm is the result of a weakened artery wall that can bulge and rupture
Poutine is a combination of French fries
(carbohydrates), cheese (protein), and gravy
(fat). Even though poutine includes three major
nutrients, it is not a good choice of food for
your heart. Explain why.
full of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) called
“bad cholesterol”
An angiography is a non-invasive diagnostic
test in which a patient is injected with an
iodine-based dye. Multiple X-rays are taken
of the heart, which a computer uses to form
three-dimensional images (see below).
(a) What does non-invasive mean?
(of medical procedures) not requiring the introduction of instruments into the body
Why is it important to have
non-invasive methods of diagnosing
cardiovascular disease?
prevent continuous surgery + cutting into heart+blood vessels
