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Biology 11 > 2.3 Fungi > Flashcards

2.3 Fungi Flashcards

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1
Q

Fungi may seem like plants, BUT are more closely related to ______

A

animals

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2
Q

Fungi are _______

A

heterotrophs

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3
Q

Fungi are ________ [feed off of decaying matter]

A

saprophytes

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4
Q

Release _____________ into their environment and then absorb the _______

A

digestive enzymes; nutrients

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5
Q

Almost all fungi require _____ (aerobic) to carry out _________________.

A

oxygen; cellular respiration

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6
Q

true or false: rust is a type of fungi

A

true

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7
Q

2 reasons why fungi are important to our planet

A

They are decomposers: they recycle nutrients by breaking down organic material.

About 80% of all plants have a symbiotic relationship with fungi in which they receive essential nutrients.

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8
Q

Some fungi are ________: they absorb nutrients from the cells or fluids of their host, __________ it

A

parasitic; damaging

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9
Q

give examples of parasitic fungi

A

E.g. corn smut, rust on plants, Ringworm & Athletes foot

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10
Q

Fungi also produce ______________

A

antibiotics

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11
Q

True or false: Most fungi are unicellular

A

false

multicellular

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12
Q

Their bodies are made up of structures called

A

hyphae (s. hypha)

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13
Q

Hyphae

A

tiny threads of cytoplasm surrounded by a membrane and a cell wall

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14
Q

Fungi make their cell walls out of _______

A

chitin

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15
Q

what is chitin

A

a strong, flexible carbohydrate

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16
Q

where else can you find chitin?

A

also found on the exoskeleton of insects.

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17
Q

The hyphae of fungi are subdivided by additional cell walls called ____________

A

cross walls

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18
Q

The cross walls allow …

A

cytoplasm, nuclei and nutrients to pass throughout the hyphae to keep it alive and healthy

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19
Q

When hyphae grow into a large, interwoven mat, it is called a

A

mycelium (pl. mycelia)

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20
Q

In larger mushrooms, what we identify as the mushroom is called the

A

fruiting body

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21
Q

The fruiting body is an above ground extension of the ______

A

mycelium

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22
Q

the reproductive structure of fungi is _________

A

the fruiting body

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23
Q

The mycelium ______ the fungi

A

feeds

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24
Q

Because it is so fibrous, it _____________ to obtain the most amount of nutrients

A

maximizes surface area

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25
Q

The ability for the mycelium to grow up to a kilometre a day makes up for the …

A

inability of fungi to move to find nutrients

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26
Q

mycorrhizae

A

Fungus found on plant roots

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27
Q

what forms a mutualistic symbiosis with plant roots

A

mycorrhizae

28
Q

what does mycorrhizae get from plant roots

A

Receives sugars, starches, proteins and lipids from the plant roots

29
Q

Fungus acts like an extension of plant roots to allow it to…

A

absorb more nutrients

30
Q

benefits of mycorrhizae having a small size

A

Small size allows them to penetrate areas that normal plant roots cannot

31
Q

asexual reproduction

A

-Hyphae break off
-Spores are released:
-spores are haploid cells have tough cell walls,
and are able to survive unfavourable conditions
for long periods of time
-once favourable conditions return, then
germination can occur
-spores can spread via the wind
-eg. puffballs

32
Q

Fungi have two sexes:

A

+ and -

33
Q

sexual reproduction

A

-Fungi have two sexes: + and -
-Opposite haploid hyphae grow towards each other
and fuse to form a diploid zygospore with two sets
of chromosomes, one from each “parent” hyphae
-The zygospore produces haploid spores that are
genetically unique
-It will eventually grow into a large, above ground
fruiting body
-The two nuclei will eventually fuse creating a
single, diploid nucleus
-This will then divide via meiosis to create haploid
spores, and finish the cycle

34
Q

In certain types of fungi (club and sac), a stage of development occurs that results in structures called ___________

A

dikaryotic hyphae

35
Q

in which types of fungi do structures like dikaryotic hyphae result

A

club and sac fungi

36
Q

when are dikaryotic hyphae produced?

A

These are produced when two nuclei are found per cell, one from each ‘parent’ hyphae.

37
Q

Zygomycota are also known as …

A

common moulds

38
Q

reproductive structure of zygomycota

A

Zygospores that contain sexual spores are durable

39
Q

examples of zygomycota

A

Black bread mould, “hat thrower”

40
Q

which phylum is common moulds in?

A

zygomycota

41
Q

which phylum is club fungi in

A

Basidiomycota

42
Q

reproductive structure of basidiomycota

A

Club shaped basidium contains sexual spores

43
Q

examples of basidiomycota

A

Mushrooms, club and shelf fungi, puffballs, rusts

44
Q

which phylum is sac fungi in

A

Ascomycota

45
Q

reproductive structure of ascomycota

A

Contain sexual spores

46
Q

examples of ascomycota

A

Yeasts, truffles, morels

47
Q

which phylum are chytrids in

A

Chytridomycota

48
Q

reproductive structure of chytridomycota

A

Only fungi with flagellated spores

49
Q

examples of chytridomycota

A

chytrids

50
Q

which phylum is the only fungi with flagellated spores

A

chytridomycota

51
Q

Occasionally, some mushrooms grow in a
ringlike pattern, getting larger each year. The ring of mushrooms expands outward from a central point as the fungus ______________ in the
location.

A

exhausts the resources

52
Q

What characteristics define fungi?

A

Fungi do not undergo photosynthesis to make their own food as plants do.

They are heterotrophic organisms that release powerful enzymes to break down organic matter into nutrients outside their bodies.

Then they absorb the nutrients from the environment.

As well, almost all fungi need to obtain oxygen from the environment

53
Q

What essential services do fungi provide for
ecosystems?

A

Many fungi play an important ecological role as decomposers.

Like some bacteria, fungi recycle nutrients such as nitrogen and carbon by breaking down organic material.

Plants depend on fungi to recycle the nutrients in these types of matter that may otherwise be
locked away forever.

As well, about 80 percent of plants live in symbiotic
relationships with fungi in which they receive essential nutrients

54
Q

How are yeasts different from other fungi?

A

Yeast is a single-celled fungi

55
Q

What features of a mycelium make it an
efficient structure to obtain food by absorption?

A

-Its fibrous structure maximizes contact with the food source
-grows rapidly throughout a food source, such as decaying matter in soil.
-can grow as much as a kilometre of hyphae each day as it branches within its food

56
Q

What is the purpose of hyphae?

A

Hyphae absorb nutrients from the environment and transport them to other parts of the thallus (fungus body)

57
Q

State the function of fungal spores

A

With thick cell walls, spores function as the dispersal stage in the reproduction of fungi

58
Q

spores

A

haploid cells that have a single set of chromosomes that contain genetic material

59
Q

Create a flowchart that describes the
reproductive cycle of a typical fungus,
such as bread mould.

A

Hyphae from two different mating types fuse to

form a zygospore –> A thick wall develops around

the zygospore which allows it to survive long

periods of dormancy –> When conditions are

optimal, the zygospore germinates and a

sporangium appears –> cycle repeats

During asexual reproduction, spores are produced in the sporangium and released into the environment

60
Q

Suppose you find a fungus growing rapidly on
the surface of cheese. How might you classify
this organism?

A

zygomycota (common moulds)

-can also withstand long periods of dry of freezing conditions

61
Q

Which phyla within the fungi kingdom has a
structure most like the endospores of bacteria?

A

Zygospores because they contain sexual spores that are able to withstand long periods of either freezing or dry conditions, which’s very similar to the endospores of bacteria

62
Q

Why do fairy ring mushrooms have this distinctive shape?

A

Occasionally, some mushrooms grow in a
ringlike pattern, getting larger each year. The ring of mushrooms expands outward from a central point as the fungus exhausts the resources in the
location.

63
Q

function of the fruiting body

A

Its main purpose is to reproduce and help spread spores of a fungus so that they can colonize elsewhere and continue growing

64
Q

function of mycelium

A

functions as a feeding structure of fungi

its fibrous structure maximizes contact with the
food source

grows rapidly throughout a food source, such as decaying matter in soil

65
Q

Plant (a) has been grown in a soil mixture rich
with mycorrhizae fungi. Plant (b) has been
grown without the benefit of mycorrhizae.
Explain why there is a difference in the two
plant root systems.

A

the fungus acts like an extension of the plant roots, collecting essential nutrients like water and phosphorus.

-plant a is full of nutrients and is healthy but plant b hasn’t gotten any nutrients so it isn’t as healthy.

Biology 11 (58 decks)

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