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Biology 11 > 4.1 Structure and Replication of the Genetic Material > Flashcards

4.1 Structure and Replication of the Genetic Material Flashcards

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1
Q

Define gene

A

units of inherited information that carry a code for specific traits or functions

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2
Q

3 main components of a DNA molecule

A

ring-shaped sugar(deoxyribose), phosphate group, nitrogenous base pairs

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3
Q

Another word for DNA sequence

A

codon

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4
Q

What does DNA stand for

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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5
Q

4 types of nitrogenous bases found in DNA

A

Guanine, cytosine, adenine, thymine

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6
Q

What form does a cell’s DNA take in the interphase stage

A

chromatin

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7
Q

Summarize what happens during the process of cell division in mitosis

A
  • M phase
    Mitosis: nucleus + duplicated chromosomes distributed into 2 daughter nuclei
    Cytokinesis: cleavage furrow + cell plate, cytoplasm divides+ cell splits into 2 genetically identical daughter cells
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8
Q

Describe how a cell’s chromatin changes as the cell prepares to divide.

A

Interphase: chromatin
Early mitosis: chromosomes (chromatin compacted)
Late mitosis: sister chromatids (chromosome duplicated)

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9
Q

What is the role of interphase?

A

Preparing for cell division
-doubling organelles + DNA
-checks codons + base pairs (both DNA) for errors

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10
Q

List each phase in the cell cycle.

A

G1, S, G2, M(mitosis and cytokinesis)

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11
Q

G1 phase

A

-doubles organelles
-carries out metabolic processes + reg. cell activities

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12
Q

S phase

A

DNA is doubled

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13
Q

G2 phase

A

DNA(codons+base pairs) checked for errors

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14
Q

Explain why DNA’s structure is called the double helix.

A

-made of 2 long strands of DNA that are intertwined + look like a twisted ladder

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15
Q

List 2 human traits

A

Any trait…
E.g curly hair, brown eyes, straight hair

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16
Q

Give 3 reasons why cells divide

A
  1. Growth
  2. Repair
  3. Reproduction
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17
Q

How are the following terms related: DNA, chromatin, chromatid and chromosome?

A

-They are all different names for DNA based on how it’s packaged
-Chromatin: long, loose fibres of DNA
-Chromosome: tightly wrapped fibres of DNA
-Chromatid: duplicates to form chromosomes (for cell
division

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18
Q

What is the role of DNA in a cell that’s not dividing?

A

Interphase: DNA exists as a mass of very long fibres —->chromatin

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19
Q

Template strand: AGTCCG. What is the complementary strand?

A

TCAGGC

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20
Q

What is the codon in AGTCCG

A

AGT

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21
Q

Why is it necessary for a cell to replicate its DNA prior to cell division?

A

So that daughter cells can have a complete set of genetics/DNA

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22
Q

Histone vs. Nucleosome

A

histone proteins: proteins that help in the packaging of DNA structures
nucleosomes: basic unit of DNA packaging (8 histone proteins with DNA wrapped around it)

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23
Q

How many ways can the nucleotide sequence GAT be arranged?

A

6

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24
Q

What are telomeres, and how do they protect genetic information?

A

protective caps on the ends of chromosomes that prevent them from losing DNA

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25
Q

What happens when telomeres get too short?

A

Cells can’t divide and can cause death

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26
Q

What can telomeres be an indicator of?

A

Age and general health

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27
Q

How many chromosomes does a human body cell contain in the G1 phase, just before M phase and just after cytokinesis?

A

46

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28
Q

Suggest what would happen to a single-celled organism if it were to go through many rounds of mitosis but not cytokinesis.

A

cell keeps dividing and doubling organelles + chromosomes + nuclei = cell will explode

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29
Q

Suggest reasons why blood cells and skin cells reproduce more often than other cells in the body.

A

-constantly being lost (neurons+muscle cell rarely need to be replaced but skin cells wear out fast)
-RBCs: constantly bursting and need to be replaced (short lifespan)
-WBCs: don’t live longer than 20 day

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30
Q

What are pyrimidines and give two examples

A

single-ring structures (thymine+cytosine)

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31
Q

What are purines and give two examples

A

double-ring structures (adenine+guanine)

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32
Q

What is the name of the bond that links the sugar of one nucleotide to the phosphate group of the next

A

Phosphodiester bond

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33
Q

M phase meaning

A

Mitotic phase

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34
Q

Give an example of a monomer

A

Nucleotide because it makes up the polymer

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35
Q

Give an example of a polymer

A

DNA because it’s made up of monomers

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36
Q

genetics

A

Genetics is the study of genes, heredity, and the variation of organisms

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37
Q

true or false: the DNA in prokaryotes is packaged

A

false

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38
Q

trait

A

a characteristic of an organism (e.g. curly hair)

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39
Q

acquired trait

A

traits we acquire as we live
(e.g. knowledge)

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40
Q

inherited trait

A

traits we inherit from our parents/ancestors
(e.g. blue eyes)

41
Q

what type of trait is getting cuts from falling?

A

acquired trait

42
Q

what type of trait is flavour of fruit from different apple trees?

A

inherited

43
Q

what type of trait is calluses on your finger?

A

acquired

44
Q

what does DNA stand for?

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

45
Q

DNA is organized into ______

A

genes

46
Q

Gene

A

Gene is a distinct portion of a cell’s DNA.

47
Q

Genes are __________ for making everything the body needs (ex. ___. )

A

coded instructions; proteins

48
Q

genes carry the code for ________________ (E.g. Eye Colour)

A

specific inherited traits

49
Q

______ will tell us what specific eye colour it is (e.g. BB or Bb or bb)

A

Alleles

50
Q

DNA is made up of ______

A

Deoxyribose(sugars) + Nucleic acids =

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

51
Q

what is the monomer in the DNA structure?

A

nucleotide

52
Q

what is the polymer in the DNA structure?

A

DNA

53
Q

the pyrimidines are

A

thymine and cytosine

54
Q

the purines are

A

guanine and adenine

55
Q

single rings are called

A

pyrimidines

56
Q

double rings are called

A

purines

57
Q

the single-ring pyrimidines are

A

cytosine and thymine

58
Q

the single-ring pyrimidines are

A

cytosine and thymine

59
Q

the double-ring purines are

A

guanine and adenine

60
Q

Eukaryotes have 2m of DNA in their nucleus, packed into proteins called ____

A

histones

61
Q

nucleotides are made up of…

A

made up of sugars + phosphates + base pairs

62
Q

make a flowchart describing the structure of DNA in a cell

A

cell→nucleus→chromosome→nucleosomes (8 histone proteins)→histones→sugar + phosphate backbone → nucleotide→nitrogenous base pairs

63
Q

segment of DNA is called

A

gene

64
Q

chromatin

A

Chromatin: long fibers of DNA

65
Q

Chromosome

A

Chromosome: condensed DNA

66
Q

histone

A

Histone: a protein that chromatin wraps around

67
Q

Nucleosome

A

Nucleosome: DNA + Histone packages resembling beads

68
Q

8 histone proteins = _________

A

1 nucleosome

69
Q

who discovered the structure of DNA

A

Watson and Crick “discovered” the double helix structure of DNA (after taking Rosalind Franklin’s data and notes) and won a Nobel Prize in 1962

70
Q

what gives the DNA double helix its shape

A

Tight hydrogen bonds between base pairs gives the molecule its shape

71
Q

what makes up the DNA double helix

A

Sugar-phosphate backbone
-on outside

Nitrogenous bases
-on inside
-form the “rungs” of the ladder

72
Q

sugar phosphate backbone

A

-Backbone chemically bonds nucleotide subunits together (phosphodiester bond)
-links the sugar of one nucleotide to the phosphate group of the next

73
Q

what is the bond called that links the sugar of one nucleotide to the phosphate group of the next

A

phosphodiester bond

74
Q

what are the sugars in DNA called?

A

deoxyribose

75
Q

nucleotides

A

-Each DNA molecule has thousands of these paired nucleotides arranged in a twisted, double-helix
-Join the two halves of the “ladder” together
-Each nucleotide consists of:
-nitrogenous base
-phosphate group
-pentose sugar

76
Q

Different combinations of base pairs can code for different …

A

proteins, genes, and functions

77
Q

One strand of the DNA is ___________ to the other

A

complementary

78
Q

Nucleotide chains vary in ______ (hundreds to MILLIONS of nucleotides)

A

length

79
Q

The number of possible nucleotide sequences is _________

A

unlimited

80
Q

The nitrogenous bases are arranged in ______ called ______

A

triplets; codons

81
Q

Arrangement of nucleotides in DNA stores _______

A

information

82
Q

The genes included in DNA code for specific __________

A

proteins/functions

83
Q

relationship between gene, trait, DNA, protein

A

DNA has gene in it→ gene makes protein→protein creates the characteristic trait you have

84
Q

Every Eukaryotic cell undergoes a …

A

Cell Cycle

85
Q

2 main stages in cell cycle

A

Composed of 2 main stages:
1.) Interphase
-growing stage

2.)Mitosis
-division stage

86
Q

G1 phase

A

Carries out metabolic processes and performs its regular cellular activities
Increases protein supply
Creates more organelles
Grows in size

87
Q

S phase

A

DNA is duplicated

88
Q

G2 phase

A

replicated DNA checked for errors

89
Q

M phase

A

Stage of cell cycle in which the cell divides

90
Q

2 processes in M phase

A

Mitosis
Cytokinesis

91
Q

mitosis

A

nucleus and duplicated chromosomes divide and are evenly distributed between 2 “daughter” nuclei

92
Q

cytokinesis

A

the process by which the cytoplasm divides into 2 genetically identical daughter cells

93
Q

true or false: cytokinesis usually begins BEFORE mitosis is complete

A

true

94
Q

Each chromosome consists of 2 identical joined copies of ______________

A

sister chromatids

95
Q

Sister chromatids are joined together by a __________

A

centromere

96
Q

telomeres

A

protective caps on chromosomes

97
Q

Once telomeres get too short the cell can no longer ____

A

divide

98
Q

true or false: telomeres contain information for making proteins

A

false

Biology 11 (58 decks)

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