ch 10 review

Question 1

When you eat a variety of healthy foods, you provide your body with all _____ types of nutrients.

Answer 1

6

Question 2

Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and water are sometimes called _____, because your body needs so much of them on a daily basis.

Answer 2

macronutrients

Question 3

Which of these molecules can the cells of your body use directly without modification?

Answer 3

glucose

Question 4

You should eat meat alternatives often, according to Canada’s Food Guide. Which of these foods is a meat alternative?

Chicken

Beans

Egg

Fish

Answer 4

beans

Question 5

When the body needs energy, it breaks down _____, stored in the liver, into _____.

Answer 5

glycogen; glucose

Question 6

Why does a gram of fat release more energy than a gram of protein or carbohydrate?

Answer 6

The carbon atoms in fats generally have more carbon-to-hydrogen bonds

Question 7

Which nutrient cannot be stored in your body?

Answer 7

essential amino acids

Question 8

Which of these fats in small amounts is an important part of a healthy diet?
I) Canola oil
II) Lard
III) Butter
IV) Olive oil

Answer 8

l and lV

Question 9

If you picture carbohydrates, proteins, and fats as the building blocks in your body, then organic nutrients called _____ are the tools to help put them together.

Answer 9

vitamins

Question 10

Which nutrient is composed of amino acids?

Answer 10

protein

Question 11

Hydrolysis is a process in which

Answer 11

a food molecule is split into smaller parts by the addition of a molecule of water.

Question 12

What digestive process in your body will disassemble a protein into its constituent amino acids?

Answer 12

chemical digestion

Question 13

_____ is the contraction of smooth muscles to propel contents through the digestive tract.

Answer 13

peristalsis

Question 14

_____ in the colon produce important vitamins, including Vitamin K and some B vitamins.

Answer 14

bacteria

Question 15

Which organ produces bile, which is released into the small intestine to prepare fats for hydrolysis?

Answer 15

liver

Question 16

Nutrient-laden blood from the small intestine travels to the _____ where many of the nutrients are converted into new substances, such as proteins.

Answer 16

liver

Question 17

In which organ can an acidic nutrient-rich liquid called chyme be found?

Answer 17

stomach

Question 18

In some mammals, a particular organ processes cellulose and other materials. In humans, this organ contains white blood cells and plays a role in immunity. Which organ is it?

Answer 18

appendix

Question 19

the small intestine is lined with small projections,
what is the function of these projections?

Answer 19

Increase surface area for absorption of nutrients

Question 20

The raw material for making enzymes is provided by which type of nutrient?

Answer 20

proteins

Question 21

The chemical bonds within larger molecules of food are broken during the process of

Answer 21

chemical digestion

Question 22

Chemical digestion takes place in the mouth with the aid of

Answer 22

saliva

Question 23

Food moves from your mouth toward your stomach due to

Answer 23

peristalsis

Question 24

Which condition occurs when acid from the stomach frequently spills back up into the esophagus?

Answer 24

Gastroesophageal reflux disease

Question 25

Digestion is completed and absorption of most nutrients takes place in the

Answer 25

small intestine

Question 26

A major function of the _____ is to reabsorb water.

Answer 26

large intestine

Question 27

Elements you require in inorganic form are called

Answer 27

minerals

Question 28

Which is an example of a nutraceutical?

Olive oil

Cabbage

Probiotic yogurt

Omega-3 fatty acids

Answer 28

Omega-3 fatty acid

Question 29

Which component of saliva helps fight infection by digesting the walls of bacteria that may enter the mouth?

Answer 29

lysozyme

Question 30

proteins that speed up chemical reactions

Answer 30

enzymes

Question 31

a chain of many glucose molecules that stores blood sugar

Answer 31

glycogen

Question 32

the main form of fuel for work done by the body’s cells

Answer 32

glucose

Question 33

a complex molecule constructed from amino acids

Answer 33

protein

Question 34

has health benefits that are beyond normal nutrition

Answer 34

functional foods

Question 35

inorganic nutrients, such as calcium, iron, and phosphorus

Answer 35

minerals

Question 36

purified from foods and taken like a medicine to provide health benefits

Answer 36

nutraceutical

Question 37

a digestive tract with two openings

Answer 37

alimentary canal

Question 38

a muscular valve

Answer 38

sphincter

Question 39

a short tube shared by the digestive and respiratory system

Answer 39

pharynx

Question 40

undigested food and other waste products

Answer 40

feces

Question 41

final portion of the colon

Answer 41

rectum

Question 42

mixture of hydrochloric acid, enzymes, and mucus

Answer 42

gastric juice

Question 43

the first section of the small intestine

Answer 43

duodenum

Question 44

small, finger-like projections on the wall of the small intestine

Answer 44

villi

Question 45

liquid formed from the bolus by stomach churning action

Answer 45

chyme

Question 46

structures that transport fluid away from cells

Answer 46

lymph vessels

Question 47

Which of the following is not true about the six types of essential nutrients?

People who do not eat animal products must eat the right combination of plant products to get the correct ones

Your body’s cells can make minerals

They must be ingested as your body can’t produce them

It’s possible to consume harmful amounts of an essential nutrient

Answer 47

Your body’s cells can make minerals

Question 48

Which of these animals is most likely to have the longest alimentary canal in relation to its body size?

cow

bat

snake

Answer 48

cow

Question 49

The stomach (alongside the spleen) secretes which of the following?

I) Amylase
II) Hydrochloric acid
III) Mucus
IV) Bile

Answer 49

ll and lll

Question 50

provide the body with raw materials for
growth and repair

Answer 50

proteins

Question 51

Why is it important to chew your food
thoroughly?

Answer 51

The physical process of chewing food in your mouth helps to break down larger particles of food into smaller particles, increasing the surface area and making it easier for nutrients to be broken down for absorption.

Question 52

(a) Define saliva.
(b) Explain its role in digestion

Answer 52

watery liquid that contains digestive enzymes,
mucus, and other chemicals to help chemically digest your food

-Saliva contains special enzymes that help digest the starches in your food. An enzyme called amylase breaks down starches (complex carbohydrates) into sugars, which your body can more easily absorb.

Question 53

How does bile help in the digestion of fats?

Answer 53

Although bile contains no enzymes, it has substances that help prepare fats for hydrolysis.

Bile separates small fat droplets, which enables digestive enzymes to break down the fats more efficiently

Question 54

role of pancreas

Answer 54

-pancreas also secretes digestive juice.
-Pancreatic juice is a clear alkaline liquid that neutralizes the acidic chyme and contains enzymes
that further break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
-Pancreatic enzymes, along with enzymes secreted by the lining of the small intestine, complete the chemical digestion of food

Question 55

role of liver

Answer 55

modifies and detoxifies substances absorbed by
the digestive tract before the blood carries these materials to the heart for distribution to the rest of the body

produces bile

Question 56

Gastroesophageal reflux disease

Answer 56

occurs when acid from the stomach spills back up into the esophagus so frequently that it harms the lining of the esophagus.

Question 57

causes of GERD

Answer 57

Since smoking, drinking alcohol, and excess eating
seem to make this condition worse, doctors suggest that they be avoided

Question 58

Ulcer + causes

Answer 58

If the stomach lining is broken down it becomes
irritated by gastric acid. The gastric acid can also
spill into other parts of the digestive system and
irritate the tissues of nearby organs. Sores found in
the stomach lining, esophagus or the upper small
intestine are called peptic ulcers.

Question 59

Inflammatory bowel disease

Answer 59

the intestines become
irritated and inflamed and develop many ulcers,
causing abdominal pain and diarrhea. Two common inflammatory bowel diseases are ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. Ulcerative colitis is found in continuous sections of the intestine and rectum. Crohn’s disease
may occur anywhere in the digestive tract.

Question 60

constipation

Answer 60

Constipation occurs when peristalsis moves the feces along too slowly or when the colon absorbs too much water and the feces become too compacted.
Constipation is usually a temporary condition
resulting from a diet that does not include enough
plant fibre. Constipation sometimes results from
surgery, medication, air travel, and pregnancy

Question 61

(a) Which animal would have a longer
alimentary canal for its size, a wolf or
a sheep?
(b) Explain why

Answer 61

sheep
-eat vegetation that is harder to digest and needs a longer AC

Question 62

How is digestion in the small intestine different
from digestion in the large intestine?

Answer 62

Unlike the small intestine, the large intestine produces no digestive enzymes. Chemical digestion is completed in the small intestine before the chyme reaches the large intestine. Functions of the large intestine include the absorption of water and electrolytes and the elimination of feces.

Question 63

People who have had part or all of their
stomachs removed can survive if they eat
predigested food. Could a person survive
without a small intestine? Explain.

Answer 63

no, the small intestine is what absorbs most of the nutrients from food, without it you would die

Question 64

Why would an excess of fat-soluble vitamins be
more dangerous than an excess of water-soluble
vitamins?

Answer 64

Water-soluble vitamins are readily excreted from the body, while fat-soluble vitamins can be stored in tissues. Fat-soluble vitamins are more likely to cause toxicity if they’re excessively being stored