ch 10 review Flashcards
When you eat a variety of healthy foods, you provide your body with all _____ types of nutrients.
6
Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and water are sometimes called _____, because your body needs so much of them on a daily basis.
macronutrients
Which of these molecules can the cells of your body use directly without modification?
glucose
You should eat meat alternatives often, according to Canada’s Food Guide. Which of these foods is a meat alternative?
Chicken
Beans
Egg
Fish
beans
When the body needs energy, it breaks down _____, stored in the liver, into _____.
glycogen; glucose
Why does a gram of fat release more energy than a gram of protein or carbohydrate?
The carbon atoms in fats generally have more carbon-to-hydrogen bonds
Which nutrient cannot be stored in your body?
essential amino acids
Which of these fats in small amounts is an important part of a healthy diet?
I) Canola oil
II) Lard
III) Butter
IV) Olive oil
l and lV
If you picture carbohydrates, proteins, and fats as the building blocks in your body, then organic nutrients called _____ are the tools to help put them together.
vitamins
Which nutrient is composed of amino acids?
protein
Hydrolysis is a process in which
a food molecule is split into smaller parts by the addition of a molecule of water.
What digestive process in your body will disassemble a protein into its constituent amino acids?
chemical digestion
_____ is the contraction of smooth muscles to propel contents through the digestive tract.
peristalsis
_____ in the colon produce important vitamins, including Vitamin K and some B vitamins.
bacteria
Which organ produces bile, which is released into the small intestine to prepare fats for hydrolysis?
liver
Nutrient-laden blood from the small intestine travels to the _____ where many of the nutrients are converted into new substances, such as proteins.
liver
In which organ can an acidic nutrient-rich liquid called chyme be found?
stomach
In some mammals, a particular organ processes cellulose and other materials. In humans, this organ contains white blood cells and plays a role in immunity. Which organ is it?
appendix
the small intestine is lined with small projections,
what is the function of these projections?
Increase surface area for absorption of nutrients
The raw material for making enzymes is provided by which type of nutrient?
proteins
The chemical bonds within larger molecules of food are broken during the process of
chemical digestion
Chemical digestion takes place in the mouth with the aid of
saliva
Food moves from your mouth toward your stomach due to
peristalsis
Which condition occurs when acid from the stomach frequently spills back up into the esophagus?
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
Digestion is completed and absorption of most nutrients takes place in the
small intestine
A major function of the _____ is to reabsorb water.
large intestine
Elements you require in inorganic form are called
minerals
Which is an example of a nutraceutical?
Olive oil
Cabbage
Probiotic yogurt
Omega-3 fatty acids
Omega-3 fatty acid
Which component of saliva helps fight infection by digesting the walls of bacteria that may enter the mouth?
lysozyme
proteins that speed up chemical reactions
enzymes
a chain of many glucose molecules that stores blood sugar
glycogen
the main form of fuel for work done by the body’s cells
glucose
a complex molecule constructed from amino acids
protein
has health benefits that are beyond normal nutrition
functional foods
inorganic nutrients, such as calcium, iron, and phosphorus
minerals
purified from foods and taken like a medicine to provide health benefits
nutraceutical
a digestive tract with two openings
alimentary canal
a muscular valve
sphincter
a short tube shared by the digestive and respiratory system
pharynx
undigested food and other waste products
feces
final portion of the colon
rectum
mixture of hydrochloric acid, enzymes, and mucus
gastric juice
the first section of the small intestine
duodenum
small, finger-like projections on the wall of the small intestine
villi
liquid formed from the bolus by stomach churning action
chyme
structures that transport fluid away from cells
lymph vessels
Which of the following is not true about the six types of essential nutrients?
People who do not eat animal products must eat the right combination of plant products to get the correct ones
Your body’s cells can make minerals
They must be ingested as your body can’t produce them
It’s possible to consume harmful amounts of an essential nutrient
Your body’s cells can make minerals
Which of these animals is most likely to have the longest alimentary canal in relation to its body size?
cow
bat
snake
cow
The stomach (alongside the spleen) secretes which of the following?
I) Amylase
II) Hydrochloric acid
III) Mucus
IV) Bile
ll and lll
provide the body with raw materials for
growth and repair
proteins
Why is it important to chew your food
thoroughly?
The physical process of chewing food in your mouth helps to break down larger particles of food into smaller particles, increasing the surface area and making it easier for nutrients to be broken down for absorption.
(a) Define saliva.
(b) Explain its role in digestion
watery liquid that contains digestive enzymes,
mucus, and other chemicals to help chemically digest your food
-Saliva contains special enzymes that help digest the starches in your food. An enzyme called amylase breaks down starches (complex carbohydrates) into sugars, which your body can more easily absorb.
How does bile help in the digestion of fats?
Although bile contains no enzymes, it has substances that help prepare fats for hydrolysis.
Bile separates small fat droplets, which enables digestive enzymes to break down the fats more efficiently
role of pancreas
-pancreas also secretes digestive juice.
-Pancreatic juice is a clear alkaline liquid that neutralizes the acidic chyme and contains enzymes
that further break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
-Pancreatic enzymes, along with enzymes secreted by the lining of the small intestine, complete the chemical digestion of food
role of liver
modifies and detoxifies substances absorbed by
the digestive tract before the blood carries these materials to the heart for distribution to the rest of the body
produces bile
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
occurs when acid from the stomach spills back up into the esophagus so frequently that it harms the lining of the esophagus.
causes of GERD
Since smoking, drinking alcohol, and excess eating
seem to make this condition worse, doctors suggest that they be avoided
Ulcer + causes
If the stomach lining is broken down it becomes
irritated by gastric acid. The gastric acid can also
spill into other parts of the digestive system and
irritate the tissues of nearby organs. Sores found in
the stomach lining, esophagus or the upper small
intestine are called peptic ulcers.
Inflammatory bowel disease
the intestines become
irritated and inflamed and develop many ulcers,
causing abdominal pain and diarrhea. Two common inflammatory bowel diseases are ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. Ulcerative colitis is found in continuous sections of the intestine and rectum. Crohn’s disease
may occur anywhere in the digestive tract.
constipation
Constipation occurs when peristalsis moves the feces along too slowly or when the colon absorbs too much water and the feces become too compacted.
Constipation is usually a temporary condition
resulting from a diet that does not include enough
plant fibre. Constipation sometimes results from
surgery, medication, air travel, and pregnancy
(a) Which animal would have a longer
alimentary canal for its size, a wolf or
a sheep?
(b) Explain why
sheep
-eat vegetation that is harder to digest and needs a longer AC
How is digestion in the small intestine different
from digestion in the large intestine?
Unlike the small intestine, the large intestine produces no digestive enzymes. Chemical digestion is completed in the small intestine before the chyme reaches the large intestine. Functions of the large intestine include the absorption of water and electrolytes and the elimination of feces.
People who have had part or all of their
stomachs removed can survive if they eat
predigested food. Could a person survive
without a small intestine? Explain.
no, the small intestine is what absorbs most of the nutrients from food, without it you would die
Why would an excess of fat-soluble vitamins be
more dangerous than an excess of water-soluble
vitamins?
Water-soluble vitamins are readily excreted from the body, while fat-soluble vitamins can be stored in tissues. Fat-soluble vitamins are more likely to cause toxicity if they’re excessively being stored
