12.2 Promoting a Healthy Respiratory, Circulatory, and Digestive System Flashcards
True or False: SARS is a disease of the respiratory system
true
-Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
True or false: Emphysema is a disease of the circulatory system
false
-respiratory system
sinusitis
Definition: Swelling and inflammation of the sinuses due to infection
sinusitis cause
Cause: Viruses and bacteria that pass through the lining of the nose
sinusitis associated with:
Associated with:
Runny nose
Pain around cheekbones and eyes
You are more susceptible to sinusitis if you are:
Sleep deprived
Stressed
Not eating properly
treatment of sinusitis
Treatment: antibiotics (in the case of a bacterial
infection)
influenza/flu
Definition: A viral infection of the upper respiratory system
cause of influenza/flu
Cause: influenza virus
-spread by contaminated objects and airborne droplets (ex. sneezes)
what can influenza/flu lead to?
pneumonia
pneumonia
Definition: A serious infection of the lungs whereby the alveoli of the lungs fill with fluid, preventing oxygen transfer from air to the blood.
causes of pneumonia
Cause: viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites
pneumonia is common in:
Common in:
Elderly
Infants
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
Definition: A contagious respiratory disease that is a severe type of pneumonia
cause of SARS
Cause: a coronavirus (spread through coughing and sneezing)
true or false: SARS is a severe type of pneumonia
true
results of SARS
Results:
Inflammation
Fever
Coughing
Difficulty breathing
Death (in some cases)
(Same as, but WORSE than regular pneumonia)
true or false: SARS is no longer found in the human population
true
pneumonia vs sars
Pneumonia:
-can be caused by an number of viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites that infect the lungs
-symptoms are not as severe
-still exists (several cases exist globally)
SARS:
-caused by a specific virus 🡪 coronavirus
-symptoms are more severe
-no longer exists among the human population
Both:
DEFINITION: When alveoli of the lungs fill with fluid, preventing oxygen transfer due to infection
-same symptoms
-can be fatal
asthma
Definition: Narrowing of smooth muscles surrounding the bronchi and bronchioles of the respiratory system.
asthma causes
Causes: Combination of ones’ genetics and environment
asthma results
Results: breathing difficulties (can be life threatening)
triggers of asthma
Triggers:
Airborne pollutants
Cold air
Cigarette smoke
treatment of asthma
Treatment: Puffers
Administers a regulated amount of a bronchodilator, which dilates/expands the airways
bronchitis
Definition: When the airways connecting the alveoli and trachea (bronchi & bronchioles) become irritated or infected.
causes of bronchitis
Causes: Viruses, cigarette smoke and other pollutants
result of bronchitis
Result:
Swelling
Mucus
Coughing
Difficulty breathing
Heart works harder to deliver oxygen throughout the body
true or false: bronchitis only lasts for several days to a week
false
Can last for months or even years
asthma vs. bronchitis
Asthma:
-narrowing of smooth muscles in airways
-unsure of causes 🡪 could be due to a combination of genetics and environment
Bronchitis:
-irritation or infection of the airways
-can also be caused by viruses
-mucus is produced
Both:
-both occur in the bronchi and bronchioles
-triggered or caused by pollutants (Ex. cigarette smoke)
-breathing difficulties from restricted airways
Emphysema
Definition: Damage to the lining of cilia and elastin in the airways
what is elastin?
Elastin is a structural component that keeps your airways open
causes of emphysema
Causes: Smoking and occupational hazards (Ex. coal mines)
results of emphysema
Result:
-bronchioles become clogged
-increases air pressure 🡪 tears in alveoli walls 🡪 oxygen deprivation in some cells 🡪 increases breath rate and increases heart rate
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Definition: The result of bronchitis and emphysema occurring together
result of COPD
Result: If untreated COPD can lead to respiratory failure
treatment of COPD
Treatments:
Oxygen tanks
Bronchodilators
Cystic Fibrosis
Definition: A fatal genetic disease that results in extremely thick mucus to block the airways
results of cystic fibrosis
Results:
The excess mucus traps bacteria in the lungs leading to infection, which damages lung tissue
Sinusitis, pneumonia, bronchitis
Breathing difficulty (mucus is hard to dislodge)
treatment of cystic fibrosis
Treatment:
Physical therapy
Currently there is no cure
lung cancer
Definition: Abnormal behavior of cells in the lungs by fast growth and grouping to form tumours.
results of lung cancer
Results:
Frequent infection
Chronic coughs
Difficulty breathing
In pneumonia, the ______ in the lungs fill with fluid, which prevents _____ from reaching the blood
alveoli; oxygen
treatment of lung cancer
Treatment:
Surgery
Medications (chemotherapy)
Radiation
what is the main cause of lung cancer?
85% of cases are the result of smoking
respirometer
Measures the rate of respiration of an individual by measuring the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs
endoscope
A scope inserted into the throat and down the trachea or esophagus to examine internal structures
Ultrasound, X-ray, MRI and CT scan
Used to image the interior of the body (organs, bones, brain activity)
lasers
Destroys obstructions
Fluorescent Dyes
Help in viewing cells of interest under a microscope
true or false: transplants are a technology used to diagnose and treat respiratory disorders
true
tuberculosis
A bacterial infection of the lungs
Bacteria in the lungs can then _____________________________ into the blood stream, which transports it to other tissues
diffuse across respiratory membranes of the alveoli
Smoke is composed of ______________ which are layered with _________________
carbon molecules; toxic chemicals
what irritates the cellular lining of the bronchi and destroys cilia (i.e. emphysema)
smoking
smoking makes users more susceptible to_______________________ 🡪 greater chance of ________
air pollution and airborne bacteria; disease
how can smoking affect pregnancies?
Children can be born with: asthma, allergies, etc.
what can smoking increase in your body?
blood pressure, cholesterol
how can smoking lead to a heart attack?
Heart works harder to deliver oxygen 🡪 higher risk of heart attack in users
Toxins from 2nd hand smoke can be in even greater _________
concentrations
Risk of disease returns to normal after _____ years of not smoking
10-15
diabetes
Definition: A group of diseases in which high levels of glucose result from a problem with insulin secretion, action, or both.
insulin
Insulin: a hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates glucose levels in the blood
true or false: insulin was discovered by 2 scientists Frederick Banting and Charles Best
true
result of diabetes
Result: If insulin is not present glucose can build in the blood and cannot be utilized by cells for energy (ATP) production.
two types of diabetes
2 Types:
Type 1 Diabetes
Type 2 Diabetes
type 1 diabetes
Cells of the pancreas are damaged
Inefficient insulin production
cause of type 1 diabetes
Cause: Not fully understood
Several genes are associated with it
It is thought that the cellular environment plays a role in the disease
Type 1 diabetes cannot be ________, but its effects can be ________
prevented; controlled
type 2 diabetes
When the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or when body cells do not respond to insulin appropriately
causes of type 2 diabetes
Causes: Obesity or sedentary lifestyles
which of the 2 types of diabetes is more common?
type 2 diabetes
Health Canada recommends that to limit your risk of diabetes you should:
Avoiding smoking and second hand smoke
Achieve and maintain a health body weight
Engage in physical activity
Limit intake of fats and sugars
Eat regular, balanced and healthy meals
treatment of diabetes
-Measurements of blood sugar and daily insulin injections
-Regulation of activities
-Timing and planning of meals
Researchers are focused on how to acquire and release ________ appropriately.
insulin
how has genetic research helped diabetes?
Genetic research has allowed for doctors to identify the genes associated with diabetes
genetic research helps in personalization of ______
and allows the application of: ___ & _____
medication; gene therapy and CRISPR
What are three ways in which exercise helps
improve your respiratory system?
-helps to strengthen all the muscles of your
body, including your heart and your diaphragm
-vigorous activities such as swimming and skiing increase your lung capacity and help your body
to use oxygen more effectively
What are two common viral infections of the
upper respiratory system?
influenza and pneumonia
What causes the common cold?
The flu is spread by airborne droplets (sneezes) and contact with contaminated objects
What is sinusitis?
a condition caused by viruses or bacteria in which the sinuses become swollen and irritated
What are five factors that can increase your
chance of catching a cold or sinusitis?
-dry air
-lack of sleep
-allergies
-stress
-second-hand smoke
-not eating properly
these all lower your resistance to being infected with a cold and sinusitis.
How are the alveoli affected in pneumonia?
In pneumonia, the alveoli in the lungs fill with fluid, which prevents oxygen from reaching the blood.
Explain why individuals with asthma may
need to use puffers in order to breathe
effectively
A puffer administers a regulated amount of a drug called a bronchodilator that causes the narrowed airways to expand.
This helps individuals with asthma because their airways become narrowed
What happens in the condition called
bronchitis?
When the bronchioles or the airways that connect the alveoli and the trachea become irritated or infected, they swell and produce excess
mucus
Why does a person with bronchitis need to
cough frequently?
The excess mucus causes frequent
coughing and difficulty breathing
In the photograph below, the lung on
the right is the normal size. The lung
on the left is enlarged. What disease is
this patient likely suffering from?
Emphysema (over-inflated lungs)
SARS has now been fully contained. Does that
mean that the disease is finished? Explain why
or why not
no, because the disease may still be present in animal populations and so could return to
the human population in the future.
What are three ways of treating lung cancer?
surgery, drugs, radiation
Explain two different technologies that can be
used in the diagnosis of a respiratory disease.
Lasers can be used during surgery to destroy obstructions.
A lung transplant may be considered when other
treatment options have failed. Where damage to lungs is severe, as in the case of cystic fibrosis, a double lung transplant may be recommended.
How does smoking disable the normal
cleaning and protective processes of the
respiratory system?
The toxic substances in tobacco smoke irritate the cells lining the bronchi and destroy the cilia.
Without cilia, these cells lose the ability to move particles out of the respiratory system
(a) What is insulin?
Insulin is a chemical produced by the pancreas that controls the level of blood glucose
(b) What is insulin’s role in the body?
If insulin is not present or not functioning correctly, glucose builds up in the blood and cannot be used by cells for energy
Explain three ways by which diabetics
maintain appropriate levels of blood sugar
Physical activity, nutrition, and emotional state can all affect the levels of blood sugar, and so insulin must be administered accurately
What are some ways to reduce your risk of
Type 2 diabetes?
exercise and eat healthy
Explain why physical exercise is both a form
of treatment and means of prevention for
Type 2 diabetes
type 2 diabetes is caused by living a lazy lifestyle (getting no exercise and eating unhealthy)
-by exercising it helps get rid of it and prevents it at the same time
how do smokers have a higher rate of heart attack and stroke than non-smokers?
-smoking raises blood pressure, and increases cholesterol levels in the blood
-the damage from smoking to the respiratory system requires the heart to work harder to deliver enough oxygen to the cells
