10.1 Nutrition and Digestion

Question 1

What are the six types of nutrients?

Answer 1

carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water

Question 2

What are the two types of carbohydrates?

Answer 2

-simple carbohydrates include sugars, such as from
fruit, honey, and milk
-complex carbohydrates include starches, such as from whole-grain cereals and bread, rice, and
potatoes

Question 3

Why do you need fibre in your diet?

Answer 3

-Fibre supplies bulk to help your muscles move food and wastes though your digestive system.
-Fibre may also have other benefits, such as reducing the risk of heart disease

Question 4

Which type of fat should you avoid consuming as they contribute to heart disease and other
health problems?

Answer 4

trans fats

Question 5

two types of vitamins:

Answer 5

water-soluble and fat-soluble

Water-soluble vitamins, such as vitamin C and the B vitamins, cannot be stored in your body and should be included in your diet every day.

Small amounts of fat-soluble vitamins, such as vitamins A, D, E, and K, can be stored in the fatty tissue of your body for future use

Question 6

What can happen if you do not take in enough water to replace what you lose through sweat, urine, and respiration?

Answer 6

you can suffer from dehydration, which leads to problems with many body systems

Question 7

Carbohydrates

Answer 7

Provide carbon chains for building other molecules; used as primary fuel source

Question 8

Proteins

Answer 8

Provide raw materials for growth and repair, and to make enzymes and other proteins; help transport oxygen; may be used as a fuel

Question 9

Fats

Answer 9

Provide raw materials for building cellular membranes, nerve cells, and certain hormones; used as fuel

Question 10

Vitamins

Answer 10

Help growth of skin cells; improve night vision and blood clotting; metabolize energy; prevent cellular damage; increase absorption of other nutrients; assist enzymes

Question 11

Minerals

Answer 11

Help form and maintain bones and teeth; maintain acid-base balance; metabolize energy; improve muscle function

Question 12

Water

Answer 12

Makes up the bulk of blood and other bodily fluids

Question 13

What are the building blocks of proteins called?

Answer 13

Amino acids

Question 14

What are enzymes?

Answer 14

proteins that speed up specific chemical reactions without being consumed in the reaction

Question 15

What are three types of fats?

Answer 15

saturated fat, unsaturated fat, trans fat

Question 16

What is a calorie?

Answer 16

the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C.

Question 17

What information can you find on a food label?

Answer 17

-reading food labels can help you track if you are meeting your daily requirement for important nutrients, such as dietary fibre, protein,
vitamins, and healthy fats
-the labels also identify ingredients such as
unhealthy fats, sugars, and sodium that may contribute to heart disease, high blood pressure, and stroke

Question 18

What information can you find in Canada’s Food Guide?

Answer 18

you can see the recommended types of foods and
the number of servings of those foods that you should consume each day in order to have a healthy diet

Question 19

Why is it important evolutionary that glucose can be stored or used to make larger carbs for larger periods of time?

Answer 19

-body needs fat reserves to digest on
-without those fat reserves, body starts digesting
you (these people have less muscle mass)

Question 20

Why is it important evolutionary that glucose can be stored or used to make larger carbs for larger periods of time?

Answer 20

-body needs fat reserves to digest on
-without those fat reserves, body starts digesting
you (these people have less muscle mass)

Question 21

Food is _______ & ______ broken apart

Answer 21

mechanically; chemically

Question 22

Food is mechanically & chemically broken apart to:

Answer 22

-Make raw materials to build proteins (organs etc.)
-Generate energy
-Assemble essential nutrients your body cannot
produce

Question 23

Nutrients

Answer 23

chemicals in food that help your body perform all its functions

Question 24

what are macronutrients?

Answer 24

body needs a lot of these nutrients on a daily basis

Question 25

what are micronutrients?

Answer 25

body doesn't need as much of these on a daily basis

Question 26

which of the 6 nutrients are macronutrients?

Answer 26

carbohydrates, proteins, fats, water

Question 27

which of the 6 nutrients are micronutrients?

Answer 27

vitamins and minerals

Question 28

Carbohydrates

Answer 28

-C, H, O -Provides energy : -use immediately or store it for later use -Lactose, sucrose, galactose, glucose, maltose

Question 29

-ose means

Answer 29

sugar (e.g. sucrose, fructose)

Question 30

simple carbs

Answer 30

-Sugars (mono & disaccharides) -Glucose – main sugar fuel supply molecule -Break apart bonds to release energy -Carbon used to build other molecules -Glucose not used immediately are incorporated into larger carbs, or used to make fat molecules

Question 31

glucose

Answer 31

main sugar fuel supply molecule

Question 32

Example of monosaccharide

Answer 32

glucose

Question 33

Example of a disaccharide

Answer 33

sucrose

Question 34

Why is glucose classified as a monosaccharide?

Answer 34

because it cannot be broken down further by hydrolysis

Question 35

How do polymers become dimers?

Answer 35

through hydrolysis (reaction that uses water to break bonds)

Question 36

Complex carbs

Answer 36

-Starches (e.g. cereal, bread, rice, potatoes) -Polymers/polysaccharides must be broken down to access carbon bonds -Digestion= complex carbs 🡪 simple

Question 37

Excess blood sugar

Answer 37

-excess blood sugar is converted into glycogen, which is a chain of many glucose molecules -in humans, most glycogen is stored in the liver and in muscle and fat cells -when the body needs energy, it breaks down glycogen, releasing glucose.

Question 38

What is cellulose

Answer 38

-complex carb -also known as fibre

Question 39

Cellulose

Answer 39

-Humans can’t digest -Helps move waste through -Prevents heart disease and colorectal cancers

Question 40

function of proteins

Answer 40

-Function: -Proteins form hair, and muscles -Defend the body from harmful microorganisms -Messengers -Work with enzymes to control chemical reactions in a cell

Question 41

What are the monomers in a protein polymer?

Answer 41

amino acid monomers

Question 42

how many essential amino acids?

Answer 42

8

Question 43

why are the amino acids essential?

Answer 43

body can't produce on its own

Question 44

which foods provide all 8 amino acids?

Answer 44

Meat, milk, eggs, and cheese provide all 8

Question 45

how do vegetarians obtain all amino acids?

Answer 45

Vegetarians and vegans must eat a combination of plant foods to obtain all 8 (e.g. corn, beans, rice, lentils, and hummus)

Question 46

Fats are also known as

Answer 46

lipids

Question 47

function of fats

Answer 47

-energy storage -absorbing fat-soluble vitamins -organ cushioning and insulation

Question 48

what are fats formed from?

Answer 48

Formed from fatty acids and glycerol

Question 49

what type of bonds are in saturated fats?

Answer 49

Only single bonds between C and H

Question 50

which element has the maximum number of hydrogen atoms?

Answer 50

carbon

Question 51

examples of saturated fats

Answer 51

lard and butter

Question 52

saturated fats

Answer 52

-Can build-up fat deposits within blood vessels reducing blood flow and contributing to heart disease -Only a small % of daily intake should come from saturated fats

Question 53

what type of bonds do unsaturated fats have at least one of?

Answer 53

Have at least one double bond

Question 54

which state of matter are unsaturated fats in at room temperature?

Answer 54

Usually liquid at room temperatures (e.g. olive oil)

Question 55

examples of unsaturated fats

Answer 55

E.g. fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, and fish

Question 56

why are small amounts of unsaturated fats important?

Answer 56

Small amounts are an important part of a healthy diet and they make up cell membranes

Question 57

what are trans fats?

Answer 57

Unsaturated fat that has been partially hydrogenated

Question 58

what state of matter are trans fats at room temp?

Answer 58

solid

Question 59

true or false: trans fats have a shorter shelf life than unsaturated fats

Answer 59

False -trans fats have a LONGER shelf life than other unsaturated fats

Question 60

example of a trans fat

Answer 60

margarine

Question 61

what are trans fats used in

Answer 61

Used in frying fast foods

Question 62

one disadvantage of trans fats

Answer 62

contribute to heart disease

Question 63

what is the most important nutrient?

Answer 63

water

Question 64

Every cell needs ___ to complete its processes

Answer 64

water

Question 65

Where do reactions of the body take place in?

Answer 65

water

Question 66

what does water make up?

Answer 66

Water makes up the bulk of blood, extra-cellular fluid and other bodily fluids

Question 67

What happens if you don’t replace water lost?

Answer 67

you can suffer from dehydration

Question 68

what are vitamins

Answer 68

organic nutrients (contain C) that you need in small amounts to regulate body processes and perform chemical reactions

Question 69

what do vitamins help assemble?

Answer 69

macronutrients

Question 70

list the two types of vitamins

Answer 70

water soluble and fat soluble

Question 71

water soluble vitamins

Answer 71

(e.g. Vitamin C and B, cannot be stored in your body so should be included in your diet)

Question 72

fat soluble vitamins

Answer 72

(e.g. Vitamins A, D, E, and K can be stored in the fatty tissue of your body for future use)

Question 73

What is found naturally in meat, eggs, dairy, whole-grain, tofu, green leafy vegetables, and some fruits?

Answer 73

vitamins and minerals

Question 74

Some people take supplements but large doses of supplements may be ______

Answer 74

harmful

Question 75

what are minerals?

Answer 75

Inorganic nutrients with NO carbon -e.g. Ca, Fe, P, Cu, Na, Zn

Question 76

Why do you need to consume foods rich in minerals?

Answer 76

to replace the minerals you lose in sweat, urine, and digestive wastes

Question 77

in cellular respiration, what does glucose react with to create energy ?

Answer 77

oxygen

Question 78

Cells convert about _____% of energy from food into energy for performing cell functions

Answer 78

40%

Question 79

What percent of energy in cellular respiration is converted into thermal energy?

Answer 79

60%

Question 80

What does retaining heat enable your body to do?

Answer 80

maintain constant temperature, even when its cold outside (Homeostasis)

Question 81

why are fats high in energy?

Answer 81

due to the large number of carbon-hydrogen bonds

Question 82

You must consume a minimum number of calories daily to maintain _____________

Answer 82

metabolic processes

Question 83

Physical exercise burns _________ to maintain healthy weight

Answer 83

excess calories

Question 84

What helps consumers identify nutritional value of foods?

Answer 84

nutrition labels

Question 85

True or false: nutrition labels are required by law in Canada to inform consumers

Answer 85

true

Question 86

Industries developing foods claimed to be __________

Answer 86

“disease-fighters”

Question 87

Nutraceutical definition

Answer 87

substance purified from foods and taken like medicine to provide health benefits

Question 88

give an example of a nutraceutical

Answer 88

omega-3 fish oil pill

Question 89

what is a functional food

Answer 89

food that has health benefits, disease prevention (e.g. garlic, cabbage, carrots, licorice, soy, and ginger are possible cancer-fighters)

Question 90

What are probiotics?

Answer 90

Foods that contain substances that support health and that may help to strengthen the body’s natural defence against disease

Question 91

benefits of probiotics

Answer 91

-adds beneficial bacteria to your intestinal tract -antibiotics kills bacteria in the body, thus probiotics are used to add the beneficial bacteria back into the large intestine

Question 92

What are three main functions of food in your body?

Answer 92

-supplies building materials for your body -provides energy for all the work done by your cells -supplies over 40 substances that your body needs but cannot produce itself

Question 93

(a) What are six nutrients that may be found in food? (b) Give an example of a source of each nutrient.

Answer 93

carbohydrates (Grains, such as bread) proteins (meat/fish) fats (vegetable oils, seeds) vitamins (fruit, potatoes) minerals (nuts, dairy products) water

Question 94

Which three nutrients may be used as a source of fuel for your body?

Answer 94

carbs, proteins and fats

Question 95

(a) Name the two main types of carbohydrates. (b) State their functions in your diet.

Answer 95

simple -main fuel supply for the work done by your cells -your cells break down glucose molecules and extract their stored energy complex -raise blood glucose levels for longer and produce a more lasting elevation in energy

Question 96

What is the difference between glucose and glycogen?

Answer 96

Sugar molecules, particularly the type of sugar called glucose, are the main fuel supply for the work done by your cells Excess blood sugar is converted into glycogen, which is a chain of many glucose molecules. In humans, most glycogen is stored in the liver and in muscle and fat cells. When the body needs energy, it breaks down glycogen, releasing glucose glucose=monomer glycogen=polymer

Question 97

Describe three functions of proteins.

Answer 97

proteins form hair and muscles provide long-term nutrient storage circulate in the blood and defend the body from harmful micro-organisms. process nutrients for energy and growth from the food they eat. convey messages from one cell to another. work with enzymes to control the chemical reactions in a cell

Question 98

Why is water considered to be the most important nutrient?

Answer 98

-Every one of your cells needs water to complete its processes. -Many of the body’s chemical reactions take place in water. -Water makes up the bulk of blood, extra-cellular fluid, and other bodily fluids

Question 99

What is a calorie a measure of?

Answer 99

amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C.

Question 100

What information is contained in a nutritional label?

Answer 100

shows the nutrient contents and nutritional claims in a format that is easy to read and understand

Question 101

How are nutritional labels helpful to consumers?

Answer 101

-includes daily requirement for important nutrients, such as dietary fibre, protein, vitamins, and healthy fats. -identify ingredients such as unhealthy fats, sugars, and sodium that may contribute to heart disease, high blood pressure, and stroke. By reading the labels on foods, you can make informed choices about what you eat.

Question 102

Explain why some products are called “probiotic.”

Answer 102

Probiotic products, such as probiotic yogurt, help to add beneficial bacteria back into the large intestine

Question 103

What is the purpose of Canada’s Food Guide?

Answer 103

to get the information you need to make healthy choices

Question 104

Explain why your body must process food in order for you to use it.

Answer 104

-The food you eat usually contains large, complex molecules. -These large molecules are too big to pass through your cell membranes into your cells. -In addition, these larger molecules are not exactly the same as the smaller molecules that are found in your body. -Your digestive system must disassemble the food you eat into smaller molecules. -Your cells can then use these molecules as a source of energy or assemble them into more complex molecules and use them to build and maintain cell structure and function

Question 105

Why do you need to eat a variety of foods each day?

Answer 105

Eating a variety of foods from the 5 major food groups provides a range of nutrients to the body, promotes good health and can help reduce the risk of disease

Question 106

Which do you think contains more fibre, whole-grain products or products made from processed grains? Explain

Answer 106

whole-grain products -everything that gets processed loses most of its nutritional value

Question 107

Why is it important to ensure that your diet has the right amount of vitamins and minerals?

Answer 107

Water-soluble vitamins, such as vitamin C and the B vitamins, cannot be stored in your body and should be included in your diet every day You need to consume foods rich in minerals each day to replace the minerals you lose in sweat, urine, and digestive wastes

Question 108

What is the difference between antibiotics and probiotics?

Answer 108

Probiotics, in the literal sense, are the opposite of antibiotics. -While antibiotics kill bacteria, probiotics are bacteria. -This is the bacteria that keeps us healthy. -They can stimulate the immune system, in turn bettering our ability to defend against infections and bad bacteria.

Question 109

Why might a pharmacist advise you to eat yogurt while you are taking prescription antibiotics?

Answer 109

antibiotics will kill all the good bacteria and probiotics will help to add beneficial bacteria back into the large intestine

Question 110

Explain the meaning of the term “functional food.”

Answer 110

a functional food is a food that has health benefits, including disease prevention, that are beyond the normal nutritional benefit of the food. -fruits and vegetables that contain vitamins such as A, C, E and beta-carotene have been identified as some good candidates.

Question 111

examples of functional foods?

Answer 111

-Fruits and vegetables that contain vitamins such as A, C, E -beta-carotene -orange juice enriched with calcium -eggs enriched with omega-3 -milk enriched with vitamin D

Question 112

Why does jogging burn more calories per minute than walking?

Answer 112

Running is a more intense activity, so it burns more calories per minute than walking.